organised & Unorganised drug.pptx

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1

1. ORGANISED DRUG UNORGANISED DRUG DRIED LATEX DRIED JUICE EXTRACTS GUMS MUCILAGE RESINS OLEO-RESINS OLEO-GUM-RESINS DR. ARUN MITTAL

2. Crude drug means - T he drugs of natural origin (Plants, Animals & Minerals), which have undergone no other process; except collection and drying .

3. ORGANISED DRUGS ORGANISED DRUGS As the term indicates that these are organs of plants or animals and are made up of cells or definite structures . They are also known as cellular drugs. These are solid in nature. Botanical or zoological terminology can be used to describe these drugs. Microscopic characters are one of the important criteria for the identification of organized drugs. Example: Digitalis, Cinchona, Clove, Jalap, Ephedra .

4. UNORGANISED DRUG UNORGANISED DRUG These are derived from parts of plant or animals by some process of extraction and followed by purification , if necessary. E.g. Juices, Extracts, Resins etc. U norganised drugs also known as acellular drugs as the cellular structure is absent. These are solid, semi solid, or liquid in nat ure . e.g. Oils, Gums and Balsams. Botanical or zoological terminology is inadequate to describe them, but has to look for their physical characters , such as density, viscosity, refractive index, optical rotation. Chemical tests and physical standards are confirmatory tests . E.g. Aloe, Opium, Castor oil, Agar, Pepsin etc.

5. DRIED LATEX Latex is an emulsion or suspension in which the continuous phase is an aqueous solution of mineral salts, proteins, sugars, tannins and alkaloids etc. and the suspended particles are oil droplets, resins, gums, protein, starch etc. I t is generally white in colour and has turbidity ( White color turbidity in Opium, but yellow colour Chelidonoum majus and red colour in Sanguinaria canadensis ). They are produced in laticiferous tissues which may be: laticiferous cells, laticiferous tubes and laticiferous vessels Latex are obtained by incision into plants. Example: Opium, Papaya

6. DRIED JUICE In this, the incision are made with respective plant part. Then juicy material which oozes out , is collected and dried . E xample fleshy leaves of aloes or tree stem of kino .

7. EXTRACTS Extracts are prepared by evaporating aqueous decoction of plant parts for example black catechu, Pale catechu, Agar etc. or by animal sources like Gelatin . In Pharmacognosy, extracts are prepared by extracting the plant parts with water followed by concentrations , whereas Pharmaceutical extracts are made by alcohol or hydroalcoholic etc. and the drug is most exhaustively extracted with a solvent, thereafter the solvent used for extraction evaporates again and the solid residue is fed to a drying process. Dried extract is a solid drug preparation that can be incorporated into tablets, coated tablets and capsules. Dried extracts have a moisture content of max. 5%. Example: Olive leaves extract .

8. GUMS Gums are abnormal products and obtained by making incision on plant. They are amorphous , generally translucent and high molecular weight compounds . They are hydrophilic or hydrophobic in nature. They have colloidal properties . Gums are usually insoluble in alcohol and in other organic solvents. They form viscous adhesive solution and jelly-like mass with water. They consist of polyuronides (calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of complex substances), which upon hydrolysis with dilute acids , yield a mixture of sugars and organic acids . The sugars are generally monosaccharides such as arabinose, xylose and galactose.

9. GUMS They liberates uronic acids (glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) after hydrolysis. Mostly gum contains polyuronides in mixed composition by glycosidic linkage between uronic acid and sugar molecules. The trees and shurbs of various families like Leguminosae, R utaceae , S terculiaceae & C ombretaceae yields gums. E xample:- T ragacanth, Acacia Gummosis:- T he process of conversion of cell wall tissue into gum in the presence of enzyme .

10. MUCILAGE Mucilage are the normal cell constituents of high molecular weight compounds , composed of mainly sulphuric acid esters of sugar . These neither dissolves in water to form clear colloidal solutions but swells nor precipitates by addition of alcohol . Mucilages on hydrolysis yields sugar (galactose and arabinose) and sugar acids (uronic acids). Mucilage is often found in Epidermal leaf Cells (Senna), Seed coats (Linseed, Psyllium), Roots (Marshmallow), Barks (Slippery elm) . Seaweed agar and carrageenan contains mucilage composed of salts of sulphate esters of polysaccharides.

11. DIFFERENCE B/W GUMS &MUCILAGES

12. RESINS, OLEO-RESINS & OLEO-GUM-RESINS Resins : are amorphous mixture of essential oils , oxygenated products of terpenes and carboxylic acids , obtained as exudates from plants and considered as end product of metabolism. These are solid or semi solid amorphous products of complex chemical nature usually insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent like alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, benzene and ether . Resins are widely distributed plant kingdom, occurs in different secretory structures like resin cells (Ginger), Schizo or Schizolysogenous ducts or cavities (Pinus sp.) and in glandular hairs (Cannabis) . These are present in plant kingdom mainly in seed bearing plants whereas absent in thallophytes. These soften upon heating and finally melt to produce clear adhesive fluids. Uses :- Antiseptic, Carminative, Cathartic, Expectorant, Stomachic, Anti-tumour . Oleoresins : These are homogenous mixtures of resins and volatile oils and depending on the amount of volatile oil these may exists as liquid, solid or semisolid. e.g. Copaiba, Canada balsam, Capsicum, Ginger and Turpentine Oleo-gum-resins : These are naturally occurring combinations of volatile oil, gum and resin . e.g. Myrrh, Guggal , Asafoeitida , Olibanum and Gamboage .