Orginagition and role of cytoskeleton

The very informative presentation... the basically defined as cytoskeleton and their role in cell and cell structure...

1. Role & Organization of Cytoskeleton Name – Pradeep Kumar

2. Introduction The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles It is composed of three types of molecular structures: Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments

3. Microfilament s : Actin 7nm Microtubules : Tubulin s (a, b) 25 nm Intermediate filaments: Lamin cell specific prot . ( e.g. Vimentin ) 8-12 nm Microfilament

4. Cont… The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and maintain its shape It interacts with motor proteins to produce motility Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along “monorails” provided by the cytoskeleton Recent evidence suggests that the cytoskeleton may help regulate biochemical activities

5. Properties of microfilament, microtubules, intermediate filaments Properties Microfilament Microtubules Intermediate filaments Subunits incorporated into polymer ATP - actin monomers GTP - αβ - tubulin heterodimer Various globular proteins Preferential site of incorporation + End barbed + End β - tubulin Internal Polarity Yes Yes No Enzymatic activity ATPase GTPase None Motor proteins Myosin's Kinesins, Dyneins None Major group of associated proteins Actin – binding proteins Maps Plakins Structure Flexible, helical filament Stiff, hollow tube Tough, ropelike fibers Dimensions 8 nm diam. 25 nm outer diam. 10 nm diam. Distribution All eukaryotes All eukaryotes Animals Primary functions Motility, contractility Support, intracellular transport, cell organization Structural support

6. ATP-actin monomers

7. 10 µm Column of tubulin dimers Tubulin dimer   25 nm

8. Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together) 8–12 nm 5 µm Keratin proteins

9. Function of the cytoskeleton Tissue level Muscle movement Determines shape of the cell Motility of the cells Cell adhesion Mitosis , meiosis Cellular level Subcellular level Anchors organelles Organi z ation of organelles Provides tensile strength Movement of chromosomes Organizing cell polarity Intracellular movement of vesicles Endocytosis – clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis Dynamic Adaptable Stable Strong

10. Cytoskeletal filaments are dynamic and adaptable Cytoskeletal filaments are all constructed from smaller protein subunits All form as helical assemblies of subunits Noncovalent interactions: rapid assembly and disassembly

11. Stability of cytoskeletal filaments

12. Intermediate filaments- resistant to stretching forces Strong cytoskeletal filaments

13. Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape Bundles of microfilaments make up the core of microvilli of intestinal cells. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

14. Microvillus Plasma membrane Microfilaments (actin filaments) Intermediate filaments 0.25 µm

15. F-actin G-actin Molecular structure of actin Two parallel protofilaments that twist around each other in a right-handed helix

16. Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein myosin in addition to actin In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another Thicker filaments composed of myosin interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers Myosin molecules walk along the actin filament, pulling stacks of actin fibers together and shortening the cell . Cont..

17. Localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin also drives amoeboid movement Pseudopodia (cellular extensions) extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments Cytoplasmic streaming is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells This streaming speeds distribution of materials within the cell In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming Cont…..

18. Cortex (outer cytoplasm): gel with actin network Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits Extending pseudopodium (b) Amoeboid movement Nonmoving cortical cytoplasm (gel) Chloroplast Cell wall Streaming cytoplasm (sol) Parallel actin filaments (c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells Vacuole

19. Microtubules are hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long Functions of microtubules: Shaping the cell Guiding movement of organelles Separating chromosomes during cell division Microtubule

20. Interphase cell Dividing cell Neuron centrosome Basal body Cilla spindle centrosome axon Centrosome Cilia / flagellum Mitotic system - Vesicular transport Microtubular systems in the cells

21. Structure of microtubule

22. In many cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus The centrosome is a “microtubule-organizing center” In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of centrioles , each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring Centrosomes and Centrioles

23. 5 µm Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm Cilia and flagella share a common ultrastructure : A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane A basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum A motor protein called dynein , which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum Cilia and Flagella

24. Ultrastructure of cilia and flagella

25. Role of the dynein arms in beating cilia Telescopic effect Beating

26. Intermediate filaments range in diameter from 8–12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules They support cell shape and fix organelles in place Intermediate filaments are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells Intercellular junctions Intermediate Filaments

27. Interermediate filament structure

28. Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) The ECM is made up of glycoprotein's such as collagen , proteoglycans , and fibronectin ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins Functions of the ECM: Support Adhesion Movement Regulation Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells

29. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

30. Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact Intercellular junctions facilitate this contact There are several types of intercellular junctions Plasmodesmata Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Intercellular Junctions

31. Plasmodesmata are channels that perforate plant cell walls Through plasmodesmata, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells

32. At tight junctions , membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets Gap junctions (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions in Animal Cells

33. Thank you