ORIGIN-HISTORY-METAPHORS-OF-GLOBALIZATION.pdf

hdjaksn

3. ORIGIN HISTORY
METAPHORS

4. GUESS
THE
IMAGE!

9. WHAT DO THESE HAVE
IN COMMON?

10. DO YOU REALIZE
THESE ARE RESULTS
OF GLOBALIZATION?

11. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1.Defineglobalizationandexplainitsorigins
andhistory.
2.Analyzethe5perspectivesofglobalization
(hardwired,cycle,epoch,events,broader
changes).
3.Explainthemetaphorsofglobalization
(solidity,liquidity,flows).
4.Relateglobalizationtocontemporaryreal-
lifeexamples.
(Grewal, 2008; Steger, 2017)

12. What is Globalization?
Origins of Globalization
Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

13. What is Globalization?
Origins of Globalization
Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

14. What is Globalization?
The process of increasing interconnectedness of people, cultures,
economies, and politics across the globe.
(Steger, 2017)

15. What is Globalization?
Origins of Globalization
Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

16. What is Globalization?
Origins of Globalization
Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

17. The origins of globalization can be traced to humanity’s earliest
interactions, where the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture laid the
foundations for today’s interconnected world.
Origins of Globalization

18. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

19. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

20. Ancient Trade Routes
The Silk Road connected Asia, the Middle East, and Europe,
enabling the exchange of silk, spices, and knowledge across
continents.

21. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

22. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

23. Exploration Era (15th–16th century)
Explorers like Columbus, Magellan, and Vasco da Gama expanded
maritime trade, linking distant parts of the globe.

24. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

25. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

26. Industrial Revolution (18th–19th century)
The rise of technology, industry, and migration accelerated global
trade and interconnected economies.

27. (Frank & Gills, 1993)

28. What is Globalization?
Origins of Globalization
Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

29. Origins of Globalization Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

30. Globalizationisnotasingleevent,butadynamicprocessshapedby
history,culture,technology,andhumaninteraction.Differentperspectives
helpusunderstandhowandwhyglobalizationhappens,aswellasits
effectsonsocietiesandeconomiesworldwide(Steger,2017).

31. 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events

32. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

33. HardwiredPerspective
•Globalization is a natural aspect of
human existence, rooted in the
universal need to trade, communicate,
and connect. (Scholte, 2005)
•Jan A. Scholte underscores that global
interaction isn’t new—humans have
always participated in cross-border
exchanges over centuries, long before
the modern era.

34. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

35. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

36. HardwiredPerspective
•Globalization is a natural aspect of
human existence, rooted in the
universal need to trade, communicate,
and connect.
•Jan A. Scholte underscores that global
interaction isn’t new—humans have
always participated in cross-border
exchanges over centuries, long before
the modern era.
CyclePerspective
•Globalization evolves in waves—
periods of expansion followed by
retrenchment, repeating throughout
history. (Steger, 2017)
•Historical patterns like the Roman
Empire’s integration, its collapse, and
subsequent revival during the Age of
Exploration demonstrate these
cyclical trends. (Studocu, n.d.)

37. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

38. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

39. EpochPerspective
•Globalization can be segmented
into distinct eras characterized by
unique driving forces and levels of
integration (O’Rourke &
Williamson, 2002).
•Examples include ancient trade
periods like the Silk Road, the Age
of Discovery, and modern epochs
such as post–World War II
globalization (Studocu, n.d.; Axios,
2019).

40. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

41. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

42. EventsPerspective
•Key historical events act as
accelerators or blockers in the
globalization process (Held et al.,
1999).
•Milestones like the fall of the
Soviet Union, the rise of the
internet, and global disruptions
such as the COVID-19 pandemic
significantly shifted global
connectivity (Studocu, n.d.; Axios,
2020).

43. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

44. HardwiredCycle Epoch
Broader, More
Recent Changes
Events
5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization

45. Broader, More Recent Changes
•Modern globalization is shaped by large-
scale transformations in technology,
finance, and media (Castells, 2010).
•The rise of digital communication
technologies—such as the internet,
mobile telecommunications, and social
media—has revolutionized how
economies, cultures, and politics engage
globally (IMF eLibrary, 2019; Wikipedia,
2023; Scribd, n.d.).

46. Origins of Globalization Historical Development
Perspectives of Globalization

47. Historical Development
Metaphor of GlobalizationPerspectives of Globalization

48. Globalization 1.0 (15th–18th C)
This was the age of exploration, when Spain and Portugal
sailed to new lands like the Americas and Asia. Trade routes
such as the Silk Road and Spice Routes connected people
and cultures, but colonies were also exploited for resources
and labor.

49. Globalization 2.0 (1800–1945)
The Industrial Revolution introduced machines and factories
that expanded global businesses and markets. Colonial
empires grew, and many workers migrated to industrial
centers for jobs.

50. Globalization 3.0
(Late 20th Century–Present)
Technology and the internet allowed people to
connect instantly across the world. Individuals
and small groups could now trade, collaborate,
and share culture on a global scale.

51. Globalization 4.0
(21st Century & Beyond)
New technologies like AI, e-commerce, and 3D printing are
creating deeper connections between nations and communities.
This brings faster trade and knowledge-sharing but also
challenges like cybersecurity risks and the digital divide.

52. Historical Development
Metaphor of GlobalizationPerspectives of Globalization

53. Historical Development Metaphor of Globalization

54. Metaphorsmakeglobalizationeasiertounderstandbycomparingitto
familiarconcepts.ProfessorsusedifferentmetaphorslikeGlobalVillage,
Network,Scapes,SpaceshipEarth,Solidity,Liquidity,andFlow.Theterms
maydiffer,butthegoalisthesame:toexplainglobalizationinsimplerways.

55. Global Village–Marshall
McLuhan (1964)
•McLuhan compared the world to a
“global village,”where technology
and media allow people from
faraway places to communicate
instantly. Because of this, events in
one country can affect or be known
in another part of the world almost
immediately. Globalization,
therefore, makes the world feel
smaller and more connected, just
like living in one big village.

56. Network Society –Manuel
Castells (1996)
•Castells described globalization as a
“network society,”which means that
our world is organized through
networks of communication, trade,
and technology. Like a web, these
networks connect people,
businesses, and governments
across the globe. This shows how
globalization depends on
relationships and connections rather
than just physical borders.

57. Global Cultural Flows –
Arjun Appadurai (1990)
•Appadurai explained globalization
using the idea of “global cultural
flows,”referring to the movement of
people, ideas, money, and culture
across borders. For example, music,
fashion, or even food from one
country can easily spread to another.
Globalization is like a continuous
flow that reshapes cultures and
societies as they interact with each
other.

58. Spaceship Earth –Kenneth
Boulding (1966)
•Boulding used the metaphor of
“Spaceship Earth”to remind us that
humanity shares one planet with
limited resources. Just like
passengers on the same spaceship,
people and nations must work
together and take care of the
environment. This highlights the
need for cooperation and
sustainability in a globalized world.

59. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
SOLIDITY LIQUIDITY FLOWS

60. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
SOLIDITY
LIQUIDITY

61. This refers to barriers that block or limit free movement. For
example, The Berlin Wallin Germany (1961–1989) acted as a
physical and symbolic barrier. It separated East and West Berlin,
limiting travel, trade, and cultural exchange.
SOLIDITY

62. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
SOLIDITY
LIQUIDITY

63. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
LIQUIDITY
FLOWSSOLIDITY

64. LIQUIDITY
This means the increasing ease of movement across
places. When barriers become weaker, cultures and ideas
begin to mix and exchange more freely.

65. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
LIQUIDITY
FLOWSSOLIDITY

66. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010)
FLOWS
LIQUIDITY

67. FLOWS
This refers to the free and continuous movement of people,
goods, and ideas across the globe. These flows are made
possible by technology, the economy, and global policies.

68. •Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction(4th ed.). Oxford University
Press.
•Frank, A. G., & Gills, B. K. (Eds.). (1993). The world system: Five hundred years or five
thousand?London: Routledge.
•Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A critical introduction(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
•Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction(4th ed.). Oxford University
Press.
•O’Rourke, K. H., & Williamson, J. G. (2002). When did globalization begin? European
Review of Economic History, 6(1), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491601001537
•Ritzer, G. (2015). Globalization: A basic text(2nd ed.). Wiley.
•Patella-Rey, P. J., & Ritzer, G. (2010). Conceptualizing globalization in terms of flows. In
Theorizing the dynamics of social processes(pp. 247–271).
REFERENCES:

69. •Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations:
Politics, economics, and culture. Stanford University Press.
•Castells, M. (2010). The information age: Economy, society and culture. Volume I: The
Rise of the Network Society(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
•Dawei, C. (n.d.). Globalization: The precondition of global trade governance –
Globalization 1.0 begins around Columbus in 1492. In Globalization: A very short
introduction to global trade. Routhledge. Retrieved from
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203701911-2/globalization-
dawei-cheng
•World Economic Forum. (2019, January 18). How globalization 4.0 fits into the history of
globalization. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-
globalization/
REFERENCES:

70. •Friedman, T. L. (2005, May 1). Why the world is flat. Wired. Retrieved from
https://www.wired.com/2005/05/friedman-2/
•Schwab, K. (2019, January 16). Globalization 4.0: A new architecture for the Fourth
Industrial Revolution. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/globalization-40
•McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill.
Retrieved from https://designopendata.wordpress.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/understanding-media-mcluhan.pdf
•Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Wiley-Blackwell.
•Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Theory,
Culture & Society, 7(2–3), 295–310.
•Boulding, K. E. (1966). The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In H. Jarrett
(Ed.), Environmental quality in a growing economy(pp. 3–14). Johns Hopkins University
Press.
REFERENCES:

71. PRESENTORS:
REAJOY BUENCONSEJO LAWRENCE ANGELO
PAESTE
RHEANNEJOY MARAÑO

72. THANK YOU!