ORIGIN OF WEEKDAY NAMES - Hindu Calender.pptx

Origin of weekday names;
Weekday names:
Week days sequence;
Weekday sequence calculation;
Hindu-week days names logic;
Ancient Indian Calander system; Suryasiddhanta; Aaryabhattiya;

1. ORIGIN OF WEEKDAY’s NAMES Subtitle Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar

2. Content of the présentations Introduction Western word’s logic Sanatana Dharma Calculations According to Aryabhata According to Surya Siddhant Calculation of days names as per shloka. Concluding remarks. 2 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

3. Introduction The terminology for weekdays is consistent across cultures. In many European languages, the weekdays are named after the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, in that order. Weekdays in English, for example, are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Sunday, Monday, and Saturday are easily identified as having been named after the Sun, Moon, and Saturn, respectively. 3 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

4. Western world logic Tuesday is named after the Norse god of single combat, Tyr, and is derived from " Tiv's day ." Wednesday is named after " Woden's day ," Thursday after " Thor's day ," and Friday after " Freya's day ." Tyr is associated with Mars, Woden with Mercury, Thor with Jupiter, and Freya with Venus among the Norse gods and goddesses. This nomenclature is also similar to that in Northern European languages such as Danish, Dutch, or Swedish. Similarly, the weekdays in French, Italian, and Spanish are named, for the most part, after the Roman days of the Sun, Moon, Mars, and so on to Saturn. 4 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

5. Conclusion on Western world logic The Greeks or the Babylonians are credited with the weekday nomenclature, according to European sources. However, there is little evidence to back up these claims, which are mostly based on conjectures, circular logic, and uninformed opinions. 5 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

6. Let's trace their origin in ancient Indian Texts Surya Siddhanta & Aryabhatiya :- 6 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

7. According to - Aryabhatiya To date, the best explanation for this particular ordering of the weekdays and their association with various grahas comes from a verse in the Aryabhatiya, composed by the Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhatta (Aryabhatiya, KalaKriya Pada, Verse, 16): सप्तैते होरेशा: शनैश्चराद्या यथाक्रमं शीघ्रा: | शीघ्रक्रमाच्च्तुर्था भवन्ति सूर्योदयाद् दिनपा: || Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. 7

8. According to - Aryabhatiya The (above mentioned – mentioned in previous verse) seven Grahas beginning with Saturn, which are arranged in the order of increasing velocity, are the lords of the successive hours. The Grahas occurring fourth in the order of increasing velocity are the lords of the successive days, which are reckoned from Sunrise (in Lanka). 8 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

9. According to - Aryabhatiya (Sanskrit word ‘ Graha ’ is generally translated as ‘planets’ in astronomical context. This is a mistake. The meaning of ‘ graha ’ is ‘one that grasps’. Thus, in the astronomical context, the word ‘ graha ’ means an astral object that grasps another astral object (e.g. ‘ Graha ’ approaching a nakshatra – a visual delusion, of course). It also means an astral body that exerts attractive force on the earth.) The lords of the 24 hours (with hours being measured from sunrise at Avantika (Ujjain)) are: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, respectively , and the lords of the seven days are: Saturn, Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, respectively. The lord of the day is the lord of the first hour of that day, the day being measured from sunrise. 9 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

10. Surya Siddhanta Surya Siddhanta has similar explanation ( Bhugoladhyaya -78 ) Starting from the Saturn downward, the fourth Graha is called the lord of the day. The graha starting from the Saturn successively downwards are the lords of the hour. The only logical explanation for the weekday nomenclature comes from an Indian source. No other culture explains why a specific Graha (planet) is associated with a specific day of the week. Only the Indian Jyotish ( Hora- shastra ) provides a rationale, and it is an astronomical one, not a folklore one. 10 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

11. Division of Day in 24 Parts - Our 24-hour day comes from the ancient Egyptians who divided day-time into 10 hours they measured with devices such as shadow clocks, and added a twilight hour at the beginning and another one at the end of the daytime. Night-time was divided in 12 hours, based on the observations of stars. The Egyptians had a system of 36 star groups called ‘ decans ’ — chosen so that on any night one decan rose 40 minutes after the previous one. In the Egyptian system, the length of the ‘daytime’ and ‘night-time’ hours were unequal and varied with the seasons. In summer, daytime hours were longer than night-time hours while in winter the hour lengths were the other around. 11 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

12. Srimad Bhagavad Purana 1 Ahoratra (day & night) = 8 Prahar = 24 hours 1 Aha= 1 ratra = 4 Prahar = 12 hours 6 or (7) Nadika ( Danda ) = 1 Prahar = 3 hours 2 Nadika ( danda ) = 1 Muhurta = 60 minutes 15 Laghu = 1 Nadika = 30 minutes 15 Kashtha = 1 Laghu = 2 minutes (120 Sec- onds ) 5 Kshana = 1 Kashtha = 8 seconds 3 Nimesh = 1 Kshana = 1.6 seconds 3 lav = 1 Nimesh = 0.53 seconds 3 Vedha = 1 lav = 0.17 seconds 100 Truti = 1 Vedha = 0.056 seconds 3 Trasarenu = 1 Truti = 0.00056 seconds 3 Anu = 1 Trasarenu = 0.00019 seconds 2 Paramanu = 1 Anu = 0.000063 seconds 1 Paramanu = 0.000032 seconds 12 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. Skandha 3, Adhyaya 11, Shlok 1-14 provided one such evidence. It presents time measurement system as follows:

13. Key Observations: 1. While we were aware of ancient Indian time measurement system where: ‘ 1 AhoRatra (24 hour day) = 30 Muhurtas ’ and thus ‘ 1 Muhutra = 48 minutes ’, the above time measurement system from Srimad Bhagavad Purana refers to ‘ 1 Muhurta = 60 minutes = 1 hour = 1 hora ’. 2. This is then not unlike the difference between US and UK Gallon: same unit of measurement ( Muhurta ) with different magnitude ( 60 min vs. 48 min ). Three significantly different sizes are in current use: Imperial gallon (~4.546 L), US gallon (~3.79 L) and US Dry gallon (~4.40 L). 13 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

14. Key Observations: 3. The fact that 6 or 7 Nadika corresponds to 1 Prahar , also means 24-28 Nadika corresponded to 1 Aha (daylight). This flexibility appears to be result of changing length of the day (and night) between 12-14 hours, with changes in the season. Flexibility in the length of daytime (sunlight) is useful for civic purposes (not unlike ‘daylight saving time’ adjustments). 4. The system of dividing a day into 24 parts called ‘hora’ seems to be relevant only in consideration with the theory of week days and astrology. Otherwise astronomy works seem to employ different time units. 14 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

15. Key Observations: 5. Above observations point to the fact that this system of time measurement described in Srimad Bhagavad Purana was suitable for both astronomy and astrology purposes, for the astronomy timekeeping and also for the civic timekeeping. 6. Varahamihira has suggested Sanskrit origin of ‘ hora ’ by explaining that the word is ‘coined’ by taking the middle portion of the word ‘ ahoratra ’, leaving out ‘a’ and ‘ tra ’.  15 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

16. How sequence of Days in a week calculated and arranged? Planets were tabulated as decreasing order of orbital velocity as shown below: 16 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. Table: Orbital Characteristics of Celestial Bodies (Sorted by Decreasing Orbital Period) Celestial Body Orbital Period (Years) Linear Velocity (km/s) Angular Velocity (degrees/day) Saturn 29.46 (year) 9.68 ~0.0339 Jupiter 11.86 (year) 13.07 ~0.0831 Mars 1.88 (year) 24.07 ~0.524 Earth - SUN (observer- Reference) 1 (year) 29.78 ~0.9856 Venus 0.615 = 225 Days 35.02 ~1.62 Mercury 0.241 = 88 Days 47.87 ~4.15 Moon (around Earth) ~0.0748 (~27.3 days) ~1.02 ~13.18

17. Sequence of Orbital Velocity of planets, Its Sanskrit names and Week days names designated to particular planet: Sr. No. Sequence of Orbital Velocity Planet names in Sanskrit Week day' s Name According to Planet names 1 Saturn Shani Saturday 2 Jupitor Guru Thursday 3 Mars Mangal Tuesday 4 Sun/ Earth Surya Sunday 5 Venus Shukra Friday 6 Mercury Budha Wednesday 7 Moon Som Monday 17 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

18. Ancient Shloka on arrangement of Day’s in particular sequence ( Surya Siddhanta ) 18 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

19. Derivation of Sequence of Week days names: HOURS SATURDAY SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 1 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 2 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 3 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 4 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 5 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 6 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 7 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 8 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 9 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 10 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 11 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 12 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 13 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 14 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 15 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 16 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 17 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 18 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 19 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 20 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 21 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 22 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 23 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 24 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 19 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

20. Derivation of Sequence of Week days names: HOURS SATURDAY SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 1 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 2 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 3 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 4 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 5 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 6 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 7 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 8 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 9 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 10 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 11 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 12 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 13 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 14 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 15 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 16 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 17 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 18 Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani 19 Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru 20 Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal 21 Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya 22 Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha Guru Shukra 23 Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som Mangal Budha 24 Mangal Budha Guru Shukra Shani Surya Som 20 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat. Repetition Repetition Repetition

21. Table further explained: 21 Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL, Dept. of Civil Engg. DDU, Nadiad, Gujarat.

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