OTHER PESTS OF MAJOR CROPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

it includes other pests in major crops

1. OTHER PESTS Prepared by: JESRYL B. PAULITE, PhD Associate Professor II NEMSU- Tagbina Campus 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 1

2. Topics 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 2 WEED SCIENCE VERTEBRATE PESTS RODENTS, BATs, & BIRDS MOLLUSKS

3. What to expect? Weed Science as a discipline ; a weed defined Characteristics of weeds Importance of weeds Classification of weeds Weed establishment Crop-weed competition Weed control Herbicides and chemical weed control 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 3

4. Weeds 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 4 Major groups of pests that farmers always consider as limiting factors. Can reduce yield from 44 to 96%. Competitor for limited resources ( e.g. nutrients, sunlight, & water). Additional cost of production. Reduce quality and value of commodities. Alternative hosts and refuges of disease-causing pathogens, insects, rats and other pests.

5. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 5 The study of weeds and their control an offshoot of plant physiology, having evolved from the study of auxins and plant growth regulators came about after the discovery of 2,4-D in the 1940’s GOAL : formulation of the most satisfactory, economical and environment-friendly control program covers the fields of weed biology, weed control, herbicide biochemistry, herbicide physiology and herbicide resistance it used to be equated with the use of herbicides Weed Science as a discipline ; a weed defined

6. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 6 WEEDS ? OUT-OF-PLACE INTERFERE WITH HUMAN ACTIVITY GROWING IN AN AREA WHERE IT IS NOT DESIRED UNWANTED USELESS UNDESIRABLE THEIR HARMFUL EFFECTS EXCEED THEIR BENEFITS

7. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS

8. They have rapid vegetative growth; profuse root production. Grasses -fast and numerous tiller production Sedges - rapid tuber and shoot formation Broadleaves -fast stem elongation and leaf formation 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 8 RAPID VEGETATIVE GROWTH

9. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 9 b. They reproduce rapidly and mature early. c. Most weeds are very prolific and produce abundant seeds Echinochloa colona 42,758 seeds Monochoria vaginalis 44,799 seeds

10. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 10 Celosia argentea 11,312 seeds Rottboellia cochinchinensis 5,048 seeds Eleusine indica 4,899 seeds

11. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 11 d. They have the ability to survive and adapt to adverse conditions e. Propagules possess dormancy or can be induced to become dormant under unfavorable conditions. f. Adapted to crop competition

12. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 12 WEEDS AFFECT EVERYONE… IT SHOULD BE THE CONCERN OF ALL … “One man’s crop can be one man’s weed.”

13. Compete with the crop for light, water, and nutrient; reduce yield What are the Harmful Effects of weeds?

14. Clog irrigation and drainage canals What are the Harmful Effects of weeds?

15. Land and property depreciation Demand low prices, Additional expenses Reduced quality of the product Crop products (Cereal- low protein percentage and creation of Class A, B. and C). Reduce crop yield 24-96% crop yield reduction. What are the Harmful Effects of weeds?

16. Hazard to hog and to health of livestock For instance. Hagunoy ( Devil weed) – Chromolaena odorata Pollen grains cause irritation Provides wound due to sharp blades of weeds What are the Harmful Effects of weeds?

17. Reduce soil erosion and beautification Australian peanut ( Arachis pentoi ), bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) and Carpet grass ( Axonopus compressus ) use in landscaping and covercropped . What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds? Arachis pentoi Cynodon dactylon Axonopus compressus

18. It can add organic matter to the soil when properly incorporated. Almost all weeds can be used. What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds?

19. Provide food and cover for wild life. Jute plant ( saluyot ) – Chorchorus olitorius Spiny amaranth ( Kulitis ) – Amaranthus spinosus Fern( pako ) – Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds? Chorchorus olitorius Amaranthus spinosus Diplazium esculentum

20. Use as feeds and forage. Swamp cabbage ( Kangkong) – Ipomea aquatic Paragrass - Bracharia mutica Napier grass - Pennisetum purpureum Guinea grass - Panicum maximum What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds?

21. Useful drugs and delicacies Milk weed - Euphorbia hirta Goat weed - Argeratum conyzoides What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds?

22. Provides habitat for insect predators. Provides reservoir of germplasm and constitute for domesticated plants. What are the Beneficial Effects of weeds?

23. CLASSIFICATION OF WEEDS BASED ON... 1. ORIGIN 2. HABITAT 3. LIFESPAN 4. STEM STRUCTURE 5. GROWTH HABIT 6. GROSS MORPHOLOGY

24. Based on ORIGIN … ENDEMIC / NATIVE WEEDS EXOTIC / INTRODUCED WEEDS Native to the area where they found Not native to the area where they are growing

25. Based on HABITAT … UPLAND / TERRESTRIAL LOWLAND / AQUATIC Grow and complete their life cycle under dry or wet, but not flooded soils Grow and complete their life cycles in flooded areas FLOATING EMERGED SUBMERGED

26. Based on LIFESPAN … ANNUALS PERENNIALS Grow and complete their lifespan within a year or less Grow for more than 1 year… some indeterminately SIMPLE PERENNIALS CREEPING / RHIZOMATOUS PERENNIALS

27. Based on STEM STRUCTURE … HERBACEOUS WOODY Stem is succulent, does not undergo secondary growth; common in annuals Stem is hard and with a bark. Common in perennials

28. Based on GROWTH HABIT … ERECT TWINING CREEPING Stem grows vertically upward without the aid of any support Stem needs support in order to grow vertically Stems grows horizontally along the ground PROCUMBENT DECUMBENT

29. Based on GROSS MORPHOLOGY … GRASSES SEDGES BROADLEAVES Narrow leaves with parallel veins ; rounded stems with distinct nodes & internodes ; fibrous root system Narrow leaves with parallel veins ; triangular stems ; fibrous root system Wide/broad leaves ; stems woody or succulent ; usually with tap root system

30. Grass Sedge Broadleaf

31. Fibrous root system Taproot system

32. GRASSES SEDGES BROADLEAVES LEAVES Elongated; narrow with parallel venation Elongated; narrow with parallel venation Broad and expanded; most have netted veins STEM Succulent; rounded and hollow with distinct nodes and internodes Succulent; triangular and filled with compressed nodes Some are succulent and others are woody; nodes distinct ROOTS Fibrous Fibrous Fibrous but most have taproots

33. Imperata cylindrica Eleusine indica Amaranthus spinosus Cyperus rotundus

34. SEDGES GRASS BROADLEAVES

35. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 35  CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STEM GROWTH HABIT A. Erect – Example: Itch grass, ( Lour .) Clayton B. Decumbent – Example: goosegrass, Eleusine indica L. Gaertn C. Prostrate – Example: Jungle rice, Echinochloa colona , (L.) Link D. Ascending – Example – Dayflowers E. Crawling or creeping – Example: Bermuda grass F. Trailing or twining – Example: 3-lobed morning glory

36. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 36 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INFLORESCEN C E Panicle Digitate Raceme Umbel Spike Corymb solitary head

37. 7/20/2024 CROP PROTECTION 37 The 10 world’s worst weeds 1. Cyperus rotundus - purple nutsedge 2. Cynodon dactylon - bermuda grass 3. Echinochloa crusgalli - barnyard grass 4. Echinochloa colona - jungle rice 5. Eleusine indica- goose grass 6. Sorghum halepense -Johnson grass 7. Panicum maximum -guinea grass 8. Eichhornia crassipes -water hyacinth 9. Imperata cylindrica -cogon grass 10. Lantana camara -lantana

38. WEED ESTABLISHMENT determined by the : WEED SEEDS IN THE SOIL WEED SEED GERMINATION COMPETITION the weed seed bank in the soil is influenced by the : MAGNITUDE OF WEED SEED PRODUCTION LONGEVITY & DORMANCY OF WEED SEEDS CULTURAL PRACTICES & ENVIRONMENT

39. Species Seeds produced/plant/ cycle Amaranthus spinosus 3,272 Rottboellia cochinchinensis 5,048 Echinochloa crusgalli 42,388 Eleusine indica 4,889 Celosia argentea 11, 312 Table 1. Seed production capacity of some weeds under Philippine condition

40. FACTORS AFFECTING SEED PRODUCTION OF WEEDS 1. PHOTOPERIOD - affects flowering 2. VEGETATIVE GROWTH - monocots bear flowers terminally - dicots bear flowers on leaf axils 3. SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS - early flowering in nutrient-deficient soils - sexual reproduction is favored when soil nutrients are deficient 4. TEMPERATURE - affects anthesis, pollination and nectar secretion 5. GROWTH REGULATORS – auxin results to sterile spikelets - GA leads to male sex expression

41. FACTORS AFFECTING ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY WEEDS SOIL TEXTURE - lighter soils (bigger particle size) enhances better tuber/ rhizome development 2. DAYLENGTH - exposure to short daylengths stimulates tuber formation - the daylength favorable to flowering favors tuber production - the daylength favorable to vegetative growth does not favor flowering 3. LIGHT INTENSITY - higher light intensity favors vegetative propagule development 4. SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS - mineral sufficiency favors asexual more than sexual reproduction

42. COMMON VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES OF WEEDS TUBERS/ BULBS Cyperus rotundus, Scirpus maritimus RHIZOMES Imperata cylindrica, Paspalum distichum STOLONS (RUNNERS) Cynodon dactylon OFFSHOOTS (SUCKERS) Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes

43. DORMANCY The inability of a seed or a vegetative propagule to germinate even under favorable conditions Causes: PHYSICAL and/or PHYSIOLOGICAL BREAKING SEED DORMANCY IN THE FIELD Hard seedcoats : alternate wetting and drying : microbial decomposition Immature embryo : after-ripening under natural conditions Germination inhibitors : leaching of the inhibitor to the soil Dormancy explains for the never-ending emergence of weeds in the field

44. GERMINATION The resumption of the active growth of the embryo in the seed or plantlets/buds in a tuber (stem) SEED GERMINATION PROCESS 1. Water imbibition 2. Enzyme activation 3. Initiation of embryo growth 4. Rupture of the seedcoat 5. Seedling emergence

45. DISPERSAL The movement of plants and animals from one area to another DISPERSAL UNIT A structure, together with its accessory parts, which is separated from the mother plant, and functions to perpetuate its kind Examples : seeds, vegetative propagules ( tubers, rhizomes, stolons, off-shoots, leaves, etc.)

46. AGENTS OF DISPERSAL 1. WIND - light minute seeds, flattened structure, wing-like outgrowth, feathery structure, hairy structure 2. WATER - light, bouyant seeds 3. EXPLOSIVE MECHANISMS - shattering ability 4. ANIMALS - weeds with edible and fleshy fruits, with sticky substances or with hooks 5. MAN - through clothes, shoes, cultural practices, deliberate dispersal

47. COMPETITION The struggle between two or more plants for the limited resources in the environment Could be INTERSPECIFIC or INTRASPECIFIC ALLELOPATHY The harmful effects of one plant on another plant due to the chemicals that it releases to the environment INTERFERENCE Any disturbance in the normal growth and functioning of the plant Includes both the effects of competition and allelopathy

48. COMPETITION FOR WATER Water Use Efficiency (WUE) . Amount of dry matter produced per unit of water used Corn - 370L water/kg DM Portulaca - 253L water/kg DM Rice - 682L water/kg DM COMPETITION FOR LIGHT Leaf Area Index (LAI). Leaf area per over ground area Light Transmission Ratio (LTR). The light intensity reaching below the plant canopy over the light intensity above the canopy

49. CRITICAL PERIOD OF COMPETITION The duration during the lifespan of the crop when it is most affected by competition by weeds Usually during the first 1/3 to ½ of the total lifespan of the crop Most practical indicator : CLOSURE OF THE CANOPY CRITICAL THRESHOLD LEVEL The weed density, higher than which, significant yield losses will be incurred

50. FACTORS AFFECTING COMPETITION Weed species 2. Weed density 3. Duration of competition 4. Crop variety/ cultivar 5. Seeding method 6. Soil nutrient status 7. Environment

51. WEED CONTROL The process of limiting weed infestations below the critical threshold level (CTL)… NOT ERADICATION WEED MANAGEMENT The utilization of all feasible methods of prevention and control, in a harmonious combination to minimize weed populations, at the same time reducing the cost and the harmful effects AIM : to shift the crop-weed balance in favor of the crop

52. PRINCIPLES OF WEED CONTROL The aim of any weed control program is the reduce weed populations to levels that will not cause significant yield losses 2. Weed control strategies should be directed to organs responsible for reproduction and spread 3. Weed control strategies should be started early in the season and sustained until such time when the crop can compete favorably with the weeds 4. Ensure efficient weed control with minimal harm to the crop and the environment

53. METHODS OF WEED CONTROL MANUAL . Handweeding / handpulling MECHANICAL . Use of mechanized equipment (e.g. rotary weeders, cultivators, etc.) CULTURAL / ECOLOGICAL . Mulching, flooding, crop rotation, nutrient management, proper land preparation, etc. BIOLOGICAL . The use of living organisms (insects, plant pathogens, etc.) CHEMICAL . The use of herbicides

54. CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL HERBICIDE . A chemical used to kill or inhibit the growth of plants HERBA (plant) + CAEDERE (to kill) 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) ; USA MCPA (2-methyl, 4 chlorophenoxy acetic acid) ; Britain discovered in the 1940’s belong to the phenoxy group of herbicides Pokorny (1941) first reported about the synthesis of 2,4-D

55. CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDES BASED ON TARGET PLANTS / BASED ON SELECTIVITY SELECTIVE HERBICIDES . Kill specific plants (butachlor, propanil, 2,4-D, etc.) NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES . Kill all plants (glyphosate, glufosinate, paraquat)

56. 2. BASED ON TIME OF APPLICATION PRE-PLANT . Applied before planting the crop; usually applied to the soil PRE-EMERGENCE . Applied before the emergence of the crop or the weed; soil-applied POST-EMERGENCE . Applied after the emergence of the weed; foliar application

57. 3. BASED ON MOVEMENT IN PLANTS CONTACT / LOCALIZED . The site of contact/application is the site of action/phytotoxicity e.g. paraquat, glufosinate ammonium TRANSLOCATED / SYSTEMIC . The herbicide moves inside the plant until it reaches a specific site of action e.g. glyphosate, pendimethalin, pretilachlor

58. 4. BASED ON THE RAPIDITY OF PHYTOTOXICITY ACUTE TOXICITY . Rapid expression of phytotoxicity CHRONIC PHYTOTOXICITY . Slow expression of phytotoxicity 5. BASED ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE phenoxys triazines sulfonylureas dinitroanilines bipyridiliums amides phenols carbamates aliphatic acids benzoic acid derivatives substituted ureas

59. HERBICIDE SELECTIVITY The inherent property of a herbicide that enables it to kill some plants (weeds) but not other plants (crop) Types of Selectivity : TRUE selectivity PLACEMENT selectivity HERBICIDE RESISTANCE The ability of some plants to survive a herbicide treatment that would, under normal conditions of use, effectively kill that plant population

60. TOXICITY The inherent property of a pesticide to cause harm HAZARD The risk or likelihood of an adverse effect ACTIVE INGREDIENT (a.i.) The component of a formulated pesticide that is responsible for its phytotoxic effects; also called the TOXICANT RECOMMENDED RATE The amount of active ingredient or formulated product that needs to be applied in a given area

61. ADJUVANT / SURFACTANT Any sticker, spreading agent, wetting agent, synergist, etc. intended for use as an aid to the application and/or use of the pesticide The word SURFACTANT is coined from the words : SURF ace ACT ive A ge NT PESTICIDE FORMULATION Any mixed or unmixed product intended for controlling, destroying or repelling any pest, or for preventing its growth or mitigating its harmful effects LD50 the median lethal dose. The dose that kills 50% of the test animals

62. EFFECTS WHEN COMBINING PESTICIDES 1. ADDITIVE 2. SYNERGISTIC 3. ANTAGONISTIC A + B (A + B) A + B > (A + B) A + B < (A + B) < A or < B

63. FPA (Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority) created by virtue of PD no. 1144 promulgated on May 30, 1977 IPM (Integrated Pest Management) created by virtue of DA Special Order No. 495 , Series of 1997

64. Categories of pesticides based on level of phytotoxicity Category Color Band Toxicity Hazard Signal Words Oral LD 50 (mg/kg BW) I RED Highly toxic Extremely hazardous Danger, poison < 50 II YELLOW Moderately toxic Highly hazardous Warning 50-500 III BLUE Slightly toxic Moderately hazardous Caution 500-5000 IV GREEN Relatively non-toxic Slightly hazardous - > 5000