OUŚHAḌHA SEVANA KĀLA.pptx

Ayurveda gives great emphasis to the time of administration of medicine with respect to food. Different authors of classical textbooks have mentioned various aushadha sevana kalas that can be practically followed in the current clinical practise. Still hardly a handful of physicians are seen who account for this.
Bhaiśhajya kāla is explained in relation with roga bala, rogi bala, particular dosha, dooshya and various other factors.
The main dosha considered in oushadha sevana kala is Vāta.

1. OUŚHAḌHA SEVANA KĀLA - An Ayurvedic Approach GUIDED BY DR DEEPA M S PRESENTED BY DR MADHUBALA GOPINATH

2. contents A REFERENCES J. 3 MADHYE BHAKTA B INTRODUCTION (3) J. 4 PASCHAT BHAKTA – PRATA PASCHAT BHAKTA SAYAM PASCHAT BHAKTA C CLASSIFICATION (3) J. 5 ANTARA BHAKTA D SHAD AVEKSHA KALA (3) J. 6 SA BHAKTA E DEFINITION OF OUSHADHA SEVANA KALA J. 7 GRASA F SYNONYMS OF OUSHADHA SEVANA KALA J. 8 GRASĀNTARA G SEVANA KALA A/C TO CHARAKA J. 9 SAMUDGA H SEVANA KALA A/C TO SUSRUTA J. 10 MUHURMUHU I SEVANA KALA A/C TO SHĀRANGADHARA J. 11 NISHI J. 1 NIRANNA (5) J. 2 PRAGBHAKTA (3) K CONCLUSION

3. REFERENCES The general knowledge of Aushadha sevana kala is elaborated in the following texts. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa – Yoni vyapat chikitsa Adhyaya. (30) Sushruta Samhita Uttara tantra – Swasthavritta Adhyaya. (64) Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthana – Doshopkramaniya Adhyaya. (13) Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthana – Bheshaja avacharaneeya Adhyaya . (23) Sharangadhara Samhita Poorvakhanda – Bhaishajyākhyanakam Adhyaya . (2) Classification of Kala and its importance in disease management as follows.

4. INTRODUCTION OUSHADA SEVANA KĀLA - important principle to be considered while treating a disease. Still hardly a handful of physicians are seen who account for this. Bhaiśhajya kāla is explained in relation with roga bala , rogi bala , particular dosha, dooshya and various other factors. The main dosha considered in oushadha sevana kala is Vāta .

5. INTRODUCTION While treating the disease success can be achieved only when there is proper combination of desha , kāla , pramana , sātmya , asātmya , pathya and apathya . देश काल प्रमाणानां सात्म्यासात्म्यस्य चैव हि। सम्यग्योगो अन्यथा ह्येषां पथ्यमप्यन्यथा भवेत्॥ (च.चि.30/293) Among these 7 most important factors, kāla acquires second position, which reflects the importance of kāla in chikitsa. Here again kāla means, दिनातुरौषधव्याधिजीर्णलिङ्गर्त्ववेक्षणम् …. || (च.चि.30/29 4 ) Shad āveksḥa kāla (six observatory aspects of time) Daśha bheśhaja kāla (ten types of times for the administration of medicine)

6. CLASSIFICATION Number of Bhaishajya Kaala As per various Samhitakara (Authors), Aushadha Sevana Kala (time) have been classified as below: Charaka – 10 (Cha Chi 30 /298 ) Sushruta – 10 ( Su Utt 64/65 ) Ashtanga Hrudya – 10 (AH su 13/37) Ashtanga Sangraha – 11 (AS su 23/12) Sharangdhara – 05 ( Poorva 2/2) Kashyapa – 10 ( Ka sam ki 3/43)

7. युञ्ज्यादनन्नमन्नादौ मध्ये अन्ते कबलान्तरे। ग्रासे ग्रासे मुहु: सान्नं सामुद्गं निशि चौषधम्॥ (अ.ह्र.सू.13/37) भैषज्यकालो भुक्तादौ मध्ये पश्चान्मु हुर्मुहुः। सामुद्गं भक्तसंयुक्तं ग्रासग्रासान्तरे दश ॥ (च. चि. 30/298) अत ऊर्ध्वे दशौषधकालान् वक्ष्याम:। तत्राभक्तं प्राग्भक्तमधोभक्तं मध्येभक्तमन्तराभक्तं सभक्तं सामुद्ग्ं मुहुर्मुहुर्ग्रासं ग्रासान्तरं चेति दशौषधकाला: ॥ (सु.उ.64/ 65)

8. CLASSIFICATION S.NO CHARAKA SUSRUTA A. HRUDAYA A. SANGRAHA SHARANGADHARA 1 BHUKTADAU -1 ABHAKTA ANANNA ABHAKTA SOORYODAYE JATE 2 BHUKTADAU -2 PRAGBHAKTA ANNADAU PRAGBHAKTA DIVASABHOJANE 3 MADHYE BHAKTA ADHOBHAKTA MADHYE MADHYE BHAKTA 4 ADHO BHAKTA -1 MADHYEBHAKTA ANTE ADHO BHAKTA SAYANTANA BHOJANE 5 ADHOBHAKTA -2 ANTARABHAKTA - ANTARA BHAKTA 6 SA BHAKTA SABHAKTA SA ANNAM SA BHAKTA 7 SAMUDGA SAMUDGA SAMUDGAM SAMUDGA 8 MUHURMUHU MUHURMUHU MUHUHU MUHURMUHU MUHU 9 GRASA GRASA GRASE SA GRASA 10 GRASANTARA GRASANTARA KABALAANTARE GRASĀNTARA 11 - - NISHI NISHI NISHI 10 10 10 11 5

9. SHAD AVEKSHA KAALA (1) Consists of Dina, Rōgi , Aushadha , Vyādhi , Jeerna Laxana and Ritu दिनातु रौषध व्याधिजीर्णलिङ्गर्त्ववेक्षणम्। (च.चि.30/296) Dina (Different parts of the day) It indicates particular part of the day, for example, Vamana Dravya (emetics) is to be given in the early morning, that is, Purvahna . Rōgi (Patient) After assessing the strength of the patient, time of administration for medicine should be selected. If the patient is having good strength , then medicine can be given in empty stomach early in the morning . If the patient is weak, then medicine should be administered along with wholesome food.

10. SHAD AVEKSHA KAALA (2) Aushadha Based on the Aushadha , ten k āla have been told. They are Bhukthadau (before meals), Madhye (in the middle of the meals), Pratahapaschat (after the morning meals), Sayampashchat (after the evening meals), Muhurmuhu (frequently), Samudga (both before and after meals), Bhakta Samyukta (mixed with food), Grasa (with each morsel), and Grasantara (between two morsels). Vyādhi (disease) Based on the Vyādhi also the Kāla is classified. For example: In Jwara (fever) every 6th day ( shadaha chikitsa )the medicine has to be changed like Peya (liquids), Kashaya (decoctions), Ksheera (milk preparations), Sarpi (preparations of ghee), Virechana (purgation), respectively, depending on the condition.

11. SHAD AVEKSHA KAALA (3) Jeerna linga (stage of the digestion of the food) The Jeerna Lakshanas should be assessed before administering the medicine. Symptoms like hunger, appearance of Vega (natural urges), expulsion of Mala (waste products), clear belching etc., indicate Jeerna Lakshana . Ritu (nature of the season) Based on the Ritu , Kaala should be assessed by c haya (increase of Dosha), p rakopadi (excessive increase of d osha) l akshanas told for each d osha.

12. DEFINITION Proper time for administration of Aushadha is known as Bhaishajya Kaala. ‘ Aushadha Kālah – Aushadha Sevanasya Samaye ’ ( vaidyaka shabda sinḍhu ) Tarka Sangraha tells that everything is dependent on Kaala. The same statement can be extended in the context Bhaishajya Kaala too. Kaala is the Nimitta Karana (reason) for all types of Kaarya (action), hence Aushadha employed in a proper Kaala will result in expected kaarya .

13. SYNONYMS Bhaishajya Kaala (Cha Chi/30) Aushadha Kaala ( Su . Utt / 64 and A.H Su /13) Bhaishajya grahana Kaala (Shar. Sam. P/2) Aushadha Avacharana aala (A.S. Soo/23) Agada Kaala (Cha Chi/30) Aushadhavekshana Kaala (Cha Chi/30) are the various synonyms used to indicate time of administration.

14. ACC. TO CHARAKA S.NO AUSHADHAKALA INDICATION REMARKS 1 BHUKTADAU - 1 APANA VIKRUTI – BALAVAN RUGNA 2 BHUKTADAU – 2 {NIRANNA - Included in BHUKTADAU acc to CHAKRAPANI} APANA VIKRUTI – DURBALA RUGNA WITH LAGHU PATHYAAHARA 3 BHUKTA MADHYE SAMANA VIKRUTI 4- 5 BHUKTAPASCHAT (a) After breakfast (b) After dinner VYANA VIKRUTI UDANA VIKRUTI 6 MUHURMUHU SHWASA, KASA, TRSHṆA 7 SAMUDGA HIKKA 8 BHAKTASANYUKTA ARUCHI 9 SAGRĀSA PRANAVAYU VIKRUTI 10 GRĀSĀNTARE PRANAVAYU VIKRUTI Mentions Niranna under bhuktadau . NISHI is not mentioned in Charaka Samhita

15. ACC. TO SUSRUTA S.NO AUSHADHAKALA INDICATION REMARKS 1 ABHAKTA -- C/I IN SUKUMARA, BALA, VRUDHA 2 PRAGBHAKTA SHEEGRAPAAKI NA VADANAT NIRETI SAFELY BE GIVEN IN SUKUMARA, BALA, VRUDHA 3 ADHOBHAKTA URDHWASHAREERA GATA VYADHI, BALYA 4 MADHYE BHAKTA KOSHTAGATA VYĀDHI, MADHYA BHAGA ROGAS 5 ANTARA BHAKTA HRUDYA, DEEPANA, MANOBALAVARDHAKA 6 SABHAKTA SHISHU, VRUDHA, BHOJANA DWESHI STREE RUGNA 7 SAMUDGA URDHWAGĀMI & ADHOGAMI DOSHA 8 MUHURMUHU SHWASA, KASA, HIKKA, VAMANA CAN BE SABHAKTA/ ABHAKTA 9 GRĀSA DEEPANA, VĀJEEKARAṆA 10 GRĀSĀNTARA LEHA

16. ACC. TO SHĀRANGADHARA S.NO AUSHADHAKALA INDICATION REMARKS 1 PRATHAMA GRAHAṆA KĀLA - SURYODAYA JATAH PITTAJA VYĀDHI, KAPHAJA VYĀDHI VAMANA, VIRECHANA, LEKHANA 2 DWITEEYA KALA - DIVASA BHOJANE Bhojana poorva Mishra bhojya Bhojana Madhya Bhojana Paschat Poorvam Ante cha Bhojanam ( Samudga ) APANA VIKRUTI ARUCHI SAMANA VIKRUTI – MANDAGNI etc. VYAANA VIKRUTI HIKKA, AKSHEPAKA, KAMPA 3 TRITEEYA KĀLA - SAYAM BHOJANA Grasaantare / Grase Bhojana Paschat UDANA VIKRUTI – SWARABHANGA etc. PRANA VAYU VIKRUTI 4 CHATURTA KĀLA - MUHURMUHU TRUSHṆA, CHARDHI, HIKKA, SHWASA, GARAVIŚA MEDICINE CAN BE GIVEN WITH OR WITHOUT FOOD 5 PANCHAMA KĀLA - NISHI URDHWAJATRUGATA VYADHI LEKHANA, BHRUMAṆA, PĀCHANA, SHAMANA BEFORE DINNER

17. NIRANNA (ABHAKTA) – EMPTY STOMACH pÉÑ£üÉSÉæ:A§É pÉÑ£üÉSÉæ CÌiÉ AlÉålÉ MüÉsɲrÉÇ EcrÉiÉå rÉjÉÉ mÉëÉiÉUåuÉ ÌlÉU³ÉÇ iÉjÉÉ mÉëÉMç pÉÉåeÉlÉÇ cÉ | [ cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ ] तत्राभक्तं   तु   यत्   केवलमेवौषधमुपयुज्यते | वीर्याधिकं   भवति   भेषजमन्नहीनं   हन्यात्तथाऽऽमयमसंशयमाशु   चैव   | तद्बालवृद्धवनितामृदवस्तु   पीत्वा   ग्लानिं   परां   समुपयान्ति   बलक्षयं   च   || ( Su.Ut . 64/) कफोद्रेके गदे अनन्नं बलिनो रोगरोरगिणो :| ( A.H.Soo 13/) प्राय : पित्तकफोद्रेके विरेकवमनार्थयो : | लेखनार्थं च भैषज्यं प्रभाते तत् समाहरेत् | एवं स्यात् प्रथम : कालो भेषजग्रहणे नृणां || ( Sh.P . 2/2)

18. NIRANNA (ABHAKTA) – EMPTY STOMACH Abhakta means administration of Aushadha alone. Bheshaja is not mixed with food ( यत् भक्तेन योगं न याति ) and is given on empty stomach. Synonyms - Abhakta , Ananna , Nirbhukta , Suryodaye Jate . (in relation to food) (in relation to Dina.) Charaka mentions it along with pragbhakta – quoting bhuktadau Hemadri says , f ood should be administered only after the medicine is completely digested - Kapha Udreka G ata Kaala . ( Kapha Kaala is one‑third part of the day, and later half of this one‑third part is Kapha Udreka Gata Kaala.) Indu says it should be after one Yaama (3hrs) after sunrise ( याममात्रोद्गते रवौ ) . The medicine is administered in the empty stomach when the Koshtha is devoid of Kapha Utklesha .

19. NIRANNA (ABHAKTA) – EMPTY STOMACH Indications B alavaan rogi and B alavat roga . Pancha Vidha Kashaya Kalpanas (five basic formulations) - They are heavy and need strong Agni to digest them. Lekhanartha (scraping) and Utklishta Kapha Pitta: Kapha Udreka Avastha Gata Kaala

20. NIRANNA (ABHAKTA) – (on empty stomach) Contraindications Children Aged P regnant women Doshakshaya or Dhatukshaya avasta

21. NIRANNA (ABHAKTA) – (on empty stomach) Implications Since there is no food- drug interaction, the drugs acts maximum effects and shows higher potency. Bheshaja veerya remains unchanged Agni & Bheshaja - Interaction unobstructed due to absence of food. This Kaala is also known as Rasaayana Kaala Amashaya and strotasas are rikta of Kapha Bheshaja interacts directly with Agni, viz. Jatharagni , Bhutagni and Dhatvagni Accomplishment of the Saptadhatu Prashastatva . So useful for the Rasayana Sevana e.g. Braahma Rasaayana (C. Chi. 1-1/41-57) should be given at this Kaala in Svaasa .

22. PRAGBHAKTA (Before food) अपाने   विगुणे   पूर्वं ..| (Cha.Soo.30/) प्राग्भक्तं   नाम   यत्   प्राग्भक्तस्योपयुज्यते   | शीघ्रं विपाकमुपयाति बलं न हिंस्यादन्नावृतं न च मुहुर्वदनान्निरेति| प्राग्भक्तसेवितमथौषधमेतदेव दद्याच्च वृद्धशिशुभीरुकृशाङ्गनाभ्यः || ( Su.Ut . 64/) प्राग्भक्तं नाम यदनन्तनरभक्तं | तदपानानिलविकृतावध : कायस्य च बलाधानार्थं तद्गतेषु च व्याधिषु प्रशमनाय कृशीकरणार्थं च योज्यं || (A.S.Soo.23) अन्नादौ विगुणे अपाने...। (A.H.Soo.13)

23. PRAGBHAKTA (Before food) The medicine is administered just before the intake of food. Hemadri comments that aushadha intake should be immediately ( पश्चात् तत्कालमेव ) followed by food. Synonyms - Prakbhojana , Annadau , Pragbhakta , Bhojanagre , Bhuktadau , Poorvabhaktasya Indications Apana Vata Vikruti Gudagata (situated in anus) Vata – eg : Vibandha , Udavarta , diseases of Genitourinary tract Aged, children, Bhiru (those in panic) For Krisheekarana – eg : in obesity ( M edo vikāra ) For strengthening lower part of the body( Adha kaya Balādhanartam ) Diseases of lower half of the body

24. PRAGBHAKTA (Before food) Implications Medicine will be digested very quickly without hampering the strength of the person. First target of agni is medicine There will be no regurgitation of medicine/mechanical expulsion as it is covered by food.

25. MADHYE BHAKTA (in between the food) समाने   मध्यभोजनम्| (Cha.Soo.30/) मध्येभक्तं नाम- यन्मध्ये भक्तस्य पीयते | मध्ये तु पीतमपह न्त्यविसारि भावाद्ये मध्यदेहमभिभूय भवन्ति रोगाः | ( Su . Utt . 64/71) ....समाने मध्य इष्यते | (A.H. Soo. 13/) समानवाते विगुणे मन्दे अग्नावगिनदीपनं | दद्यात् भोजनमध्ये च भैषज्यं कुशलो भिषक् | ( Sha.sam . P. )

26. MADHYE BHAKTA (in between the food) Administration of medicine in between the food. Synonyms Madhye Bhaktam , Madhye , Madhya Bhaktam , Madhya Bhojana give the same meaning. Indications Samana Vata Vikruti Koshtagata Vyadhis . Paittika Vyadhis Diseases of Madhya shareera

27. MADHYE BHAKTA (2) Implication Madhya Bhakta Aushadhi due to its quality of not spreading ( Avisari Bhava ) subsides the diseases of Madhya Shareera (Su. U.30 ) (local action) Pittaja vyadhi Koshtagata vyadhis

28. PASCHAT BHAKTA – AFTER FOOD व्याने तु प्रातरशितमुदाने भोजनोत्तरम्||२९९|| (Cha.Soo.30/) अधोभक्तं नाम यदधो भक्तस्येति || पीतं यदन्नमुपयुज्य तदुर्ध्वकाये,हन्यात् गदान् बहुविधांश्च बलं ददाति || (Su.Ut.64/) व्याने अन्ते प्रातराशस्य,सायमाशस्य तु उत्तरे | (A.H. Soo. 13/) व्यानकोपे च भैषज्यं भोजनान्ते समाहरेत् | (Sh.Sa.Poo.2)

29. PASCHAT BHAKTA – AFTER FOOD Administration of medicine immediately after food. Synonyms - P ratah Ashasya , Pashchat , Adhobhaktam , Ante, Adhaha . Medicine is administered after food, to subside various diseases related to the upper part of the body, as well as to give strength. Chakrapani has divided this kaala into two. 1. Pratah Bhojana Kaala – indicated for Vyana Vata Vikruti 2. Sayam Bhojana Kaala – indicated for Udaan Vata Vikruti

30. PRATA-PASCHAT BHAKTA – AFTER BREAKFAST व्याने तु   प्रातरशितमुदाने   भोजनोत्तरम्||२९९|| (Cha.Soo.30/) व्याने अन्ते प्रातराशस्य ,सायमाशस्य तु उत्तरे | (A.H. Soo. 13/)

31. PRATA- PASCHAT BHOJANA (after BREAKFAST) Food is administered after breakfast in the morning. Indications Vyana Vata Vikrut i Poorva kaya balaadaanaartam (For strengthening ) P oorva kayasya gadeshu (Diseases of upper half of the body i.e chest, throat, and head) – eg : Urdhva jatrugata vikaras D ehasya sthoolikaraṇāya – to improve the build Implications Its main indication is Vyana Vata Vikruti . The time Pratah may be t old because Vyana is related physical activities ( utksepana and apakshepana ).

32. SAYAM-PASCHAT BHOJANA (after EVENING MEAL) व्याने तु प्रातरशित मुदाने भोजनोत्तरम्||२९९|| (Cha.Soo.30/) व्याने अन्ते प्रातराशस्य, सायमाशस्य तूत्तरे () ॥ (A.H.Soo.13)

33. SAYAM-PASCHAT BHOJANA (after EVENING MEAL) T he administration of medicine is immediately after evening meal or dinner . Indications Udana Vata Vikruti Poorva kaya balaadaanaartam (For strengthening ) P oorva kayasya gadeshu (Diseases of upper half of the body i.e chest, throat, and head) – eg : Urdhva jatrugata vikaras Implications During night the Hridaya gets closed. The Vyana Vata becomes inactive, which is taken over by Udana Vata . Thus the medicine is administered after dinner. Udana moves in Nasa, Gala and Urah etc., in the diseases of Jatrurdhwa Vikara this Kaala can be selected

34. ANTARA BHAKTA अन्तराभक्तं नाम-यदन्तरा पीयते पुर्वापरयोर्भक्तयो : | हृद्यं मनोबलकरं त्वथ दीपनं च पथ्यं सदा भवति चान्तरभक्तकं यत् || ( Su.Ut . 64/) अन्तराभक्तं यत् पूर्वाह्ने भक्ते जीर्णे मध्याह्ने भेषजमुपयुज्यते,तस्मिन् जीर्णे पुनरपराह्ने भोजनम् | (A.S. Soo.13 )

35. ANTARA BHAKTA The administration of food in between two meals is called Antarabhakta . Mentioned by Susruta and A shtanga Sangraha Synonyms Bhaktayormadhye , Antarabhaktam and Antarbhaktam This means that after digestion of food taken in morning, o ushadha is administered. Once o ushadha is digested, evening meals is taken. Similarly, it is followed in case of subsequent meals. In this Kaala Ahaara and Aushadha Jeerna Lakshana play an important role. The first Antarabhakta is during daytime where as next is one Yama followed by the digestion of evening food as opined by Indu , which is same as that of Nishi (night)

36. ANTARA BHAKTA Indications Hridya Manobalakara Deepana

37. SA BHAKTA लघुनाऽन्नेन संयुतम्| सम्भोज्यं त्वौषधं भोज्यैर्विचित्रैर रुचौ  हितम् | (Cha.Soo.30/) योज्यं सभोज्यं भैषज्यं भोज्यैश्चित्रैर रोचके | ( A.H.Soo /13) सभक्तम् यदन्नेन सम्ं साधितं पश्चाद्वा समालोडितं। तत् बलेषु सुकुमारेषु औषधद्वेषिषु अरुचौ सर्वाङेषु च रोगेषु॥ ( A.San . Soo/23 ) अरुचौ चित्रभोज्यैश्च मिश्रं रुचिरमाहरेत्। (Sha.Sam.P.2) सभक्तं नाम - यत् सह भक्तेन | पथ्यं सभक्तम बलाबलयोर्हि नित्यं तद्द्वेषिणा मपि तथा शिशुवृद्धयोश्च | ( Su.Utt / 64)

38. SA BHAKTA Sabhaktam means, administration of Aushadha along with food. The mixing is done either after the preparation of food or during preparation of food . Synonyms Bhakta Samyuktam , Sannam , Mishra bhojyam (Sha) and Samabhaktam Indications Aruchi , Mandagni (loss of appetite) I n c hildren, w eak and emaciated, Stree , Vriddha , Sukumara , Ksheena . To protect Bala and Sarvaangagata Rogas

39. SA BHAKTA Implications F ood is processed with oushadha and given. Teekshnata , strong odour , bad taste of Aushadha – masked – in children, aged, persons with less strength, and one who dislikes o ushadha . Indication for this Kaala is not mentioned for any particular dosha, but indicated in Sarvanga Rogas and Kshata Ksheena (emaciated).

40. GRAsa वायौ   प्राणे   प्रदुष्टे तु ग्रासग्रासान्तरिष्यते | (Cha.Soo.30/) ग्रासं तु पिण्डव्यामिश्रं | ग्रासेषु चूर्णबलाग्निषु दीपनीयं , वाजीकराण्यपि तु योजयितुं यतेत | ( Su .Utt.64/) उदाने कुपिते वाते स्वरभङ्गादिका रिणि। ग्रासे ग्रासान्तरे देयं भैषज्यं सान्ध्यभोजने॥ ( Sh.P /2 ) ग्रासग्रासान्तयो : प्राणे प्राणे प्रदुष्टे मातरिश्वनि | (A.H. Soo. 13)

41. grasa Grasa means Aushadha mixed along with each bolus of food Synonyms Sagras and Grase‑Grase Indications Prana vayu vikaras Vajee karana aushadhi For agni deepana It can be used where the form of medicine is Churna (powder ).

42. GRASĀNTARE वायौ  प्राणे प्रदुष्टे  तु ग्रासग्रासान्तरिष्यते| (Cha.Soo.30/) ग्रासान्तरं तु यद्ग्रासान्तरेषु || ग्रासान्तरेषु वितरेद्वमनीयधूमान् श्वासादिषु प्रथितदृष्टगुणांश्च लेहान् || ( Su .Utt.64/) ग्रासग्रासान्तयो : प्राणे प्रदुष्टे मातरिश्वनि | (A.H. Soo/13) उदाने कुपिते वाते स्वरभङ्गादिकारिणि। ग्रासे ग्रासान्तरे देयं भैषज्यं सान्ध्यभोजने॥ ( Sh.P /2 )

43. GRASĀNTARE Grasantara means administration of Aushadha in between each bolus of food Synonyms Kavalantare ( AH ). Indications Vata Dushti , Agni Sandeepanartha . Grasantara is also used when one wants to administer the Vamaneeya Dhumapana . Drugs should be administered in Lehya (confectionery form) Annapravesh (deglutition) is the function of Prana Vata . The Aushadha administered with each Grasa will come in contact with Prana Vata in Mukha (oral cavity), Kantha (throat), Urah (chest), etc., leading to the continuous contact with Prana and conditions related to that could be easily treated.

44. SAMUDGA ( before and after meals) सामुद्गं  हिक्किने   देयं  | (Cha.Soo.30/) सामुद्गं नाम-यद्भक्तस्यादावन्ते च पीयते | दोषे द्विधा प्रविसृते तु समुद्गसञ्ज्ञमाद्यन्तयोर्यदशनस्य निषेव्यते तु | ( Su . Ut. 64/) लघ्वन्नपानयुक्तं पाचनावलेहनचूर्णादि हिध्मायां कम्पाक्षेपयोरुध्वधस्संश्रये च दोषे | ( A.San . Soo.) हिक्काक्षेपककम्पेषु पूर्वमन्ते च भोजनात् | (Sh. Sam. P.)

45. SAMUDGA ( before and after meals) Samudga refers to the administration of Aushadha both before and after food. Indications Hikka Roga (hiccough), Kampa (tremors), Akshepa (convulsions), Pravisruta ( spreaded ) Dosha- Urdhwa , and Adha Visruta Dosha . When the form of medicine Avaleha (confections) or choorna I f it is for P achana Aushadha administered in this Kaala will be having its effect on Apana, Vyana as well as on Udana Vata . There is the reference of avapeedaka snehapana in divided doses (before and after) in mut ravegarodha janya vikaras

46. MUHURMUHU श्वासकासपिपासासु त्ववचार्यं मुहुर्मुहुः| (Cha.Soo.30/300) मुहुर्मुहु र्विषच्छर्दिहिध्मातृट्श्वासकासिषु | (A.H. Soo/13) मुहुर्मुहुश्च तृट्छर्दिहिक्काश्वास गरेषु च | सान्नं च भेषजं दद्यादिति कालश्चतुर्थक : || ( Sh.P /2) मुहुर्मुहुर्नाम - सभक्तमभक्तं वा यदौषधं मुहुर्मुहुरुपयुज्यते | श्वासे मुहुर्मुहुरतिप्रसृते च कासे हिक्कावमीषु स वदन्त्युपयोज्यमेतत् | ( Su . Ut. 64/)

47. MUHURMUHU The word Muhurmuhu means again and again, Aushadha is repeatedly taken with or without food. Acc to Susruta , This Kaala can be broadly divided in two: 1. Abhakta Muhurmuhu 2. Sabhakta Muhurmuhu The indication of with or without food may chosen by considering Bala of the patient. Indications Shwasa ( dyspnoea ), Kasa (cough). Trishna (thirst), Hikka , Chhardi (vomiting), Visha (poison), Swarabhanga (hoarseness of voice). Implications This Kaala is indicated in Shwasa , Kasa , Trishna , Hikka , Chhardi and Visha where continuous Vegas are produced. So, oushadha is administered repeatedly so that it can maintain its effect throughout.

48. Nishi (before sleep) ऊर्ध्वजत्रुविकारेषु स्वप्नकाले प्रशस्यते | (A.H Soo/13) जत्रूर्ध्वमयेषु निशायाम् ॥ ( A.S.Soo /23) ऊर्ध्वजत्रुविकारेषु लेखने बृंहण तथा | पाचनं शमनं देयमन्नं भेषजं निशि || (Sh. P/2)

49. Nishi (before sleep) Administration of Aushadha at night before sleep is called Nishi . Charaka and susruta did not mention Nishi. Synonyms Swapnakale , Ratre Indications Urdhwajatrugata Vikara (diseases above the neck). Implications According to Ayurveda one should go to sleep after the digestion of the evening food. Hence medicine should be administered after the digestion of evening food. Indu specifies the exact Nisha Kala is the time after the evening meal has digested and 3 hours have been passed . Thus this becomes second Antara Bhakta according to Indu , and it is indicated in Urdhwa Jatru Gata Vikaras .

50. S.NO OUSHADHA KĀLA INDICATIONS REMARKS 1 NIRANNA HEALTHY PERSON 2 PRAGBHAKTA APĀNA VIKRUTI DISEASES OF LOWER HALF OF BODY APANAVIKRUTI, OBESITY 3 MADHYE BHAKTA SAMĀNA VIKRUTI SAMANAVIKRUTI, KOSHTHAGATA ROGA, PITTAJA ROGA 4 PASCHAT BHAKTA AFTER BREAKFAST – VYĀNA VIKRUTI AFTER LUNCH – UDĀNA VIKRUTI URDHVAJATRUGATA ROGA 5 ANTARA BHAKTA VYANAVYADHI VYANAVYADHI

51. S.NO OUSHADHA KĀLA INDICATIONS REMARKS 6 SA BHAKTA ARUCHI SARVANGAVYADHI 7 SAMUDGA HIKKA HIKKA, KAMPA, AKSHEPA, URDHVA/ADHAH PARSHWA VYADHIS 8 MUHUR MUHU ŚHWASA KASA TRUŚHNA SHWASA, KASA, HIKKA, TRUSHA, CHHARDI, VISHAKTATA 9 SA GRASA PRANA VAYU PRANAVAYUVYADHI, VAJIKARANA 10 GRASANTARE PRANA VAYU PRANAVAYUVYADHI, HRUDROGA 11 NISHI URDHVAJATRUGATA VYADHI, VAMANA, DHUMAPANA

52. CONCLUSION The relation between Kaala and Aushadha is well established in our classics by all the Acharyas. This relation has been neglected now a days, specially while administering the medicine. T o utilize the Aushadha to its optimum level, Bhaishajya Kaalas have been quoted depending on the predominance of the Doshas, seat of the disease, frequency of attack, etc. The advantages of Bhaishajya Kaala are wide spread, but they are mainly elucidated in relation with Shamana Aushadhi especially when the medicine is administered into the GIT , it is given with respect to the intake of food. Hemadri commenting on the same called these Kaala as Shamana Aushadha Kaala .

53. CONCLUSION Hence they are found to be of limited exploit, in case of emergency conditions and if medicine administered other than oral route. Adhamalla while comenting on Panchavidha bheshaja kala of Sharangadhara opines that these are not applicable in emergency conditions . [ LiÉiÉç cÉ AÌiÉmÉÉÌiÉ urÉÉÍkÉwÉÑ lÉ MüÉsÉ ÌlÉrÉqÉ CirÉåMåü pÉÉwÉliÉå ] The opinions among Acharyas regarding the number of Bheshaja kala is indeed a point of discussion. Eg : Charaka S., Susruta S., A.H-10, A.San - 11 where as Sha. Sam -5. and Adhamalla 11. Sharangadhara’s 5 bheshaja kala have been elaborated again into 11 by Adhamalla , comentator on Sharangadhara Samhita. However the details mentioned under therein remains almost the same with very minimal differences. Inspite of all these abundant references, the commentators are sometimes silent on the reasons for a particular bheshaja kala to be used in particular conditions.

54. CONCLUSION Evaluation of Vaya, Jeernalinga , Ritu , Vyadhi , Dooshya , Desha plays a pivotal role in deciding Bhaishajya Kaala. Vata Dosha - prime importance -though Pitta and Kapha are considered at some places - Sushruta did not mention the Aushadhi Sevans kala as per the Vata – Dushti . The bheshaja kaala explained by acharyas seem to be based on the routine we follow in a day from morning to night along with predominance of dosha i.e - abhakta to nishi Majority of Aushadha Sevana Kala are described in relation to food. This is the conceptual study and has its own limitations. Yet researches should be conducted to study on the topic Aushadh Sevana Kala.

55. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCING Charaka Samhita –Ayurveda Deepika teeka Susruta Samhita – nibandha sangraha teeka Ashtanga Hrudaya – Ayurveda rasayana teeka Ashtanga Sangraha Sharangadhara Samhita – Ayurveda Deepika teeka http/www.researchgate.net/publication/256764731_Critical_review_on_Bhaishajya_KaaIa_time_of_drug_administration_in_Ayurveda Junjarwad AV, Savalgi PB, Vyas MK. Critical review on Bhaishajya Kaala (time of drug administration) in Ayurveda. Ayu . 2013;34(1):6-10. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.115436 Critical study to Aushadha sevana kala with srt . Chronotherapeutics .

56. THANK YOU