P3 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

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1. P3 REVISIONP3 REVISION
RADIOACTIVERADIOACTIVE
MATERIALSMATERIALS

2. Contents Of Power Point
•Primary Energy Sources And Waste
•Types Of Radioactive Waste
•Examples of Radioactive Waste
•Nuclear Waste Disposal
• Nuclear Waste Vs Ethical Problem
•Past Exam Questions
•Alpha Decay
•What is Alpha Decay?
•Beta Decay
•What is a Beta decay?
•Gamma Decay
•What is a Gamma Decay?
•Past Exam Questions

3. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
AIMS
To make students aware of nuclear
waste shipments and the safeguards in
place.

To know the sources of radioactive
waste, how they are handled and their
disposal.
To discuss radioactive wastes and the
ethics

4. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Class Discussion (4 minutes)
Radioactive waste
Why is this such a problem?
Please remember to make notes.

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5. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
LLW radioactive wastes
4 minutes Class Discussion4 minutes Class Discussion
Why are there special sites for disposal of
low-level wastes?
Write down examples of High Level
Radioactive Waste (LLW)
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6. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
What are radioactive wastes?
Material containing the unusable
radioactive by products of the scientific,
military, and industrial applications of
nuclear energy.

7. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
What are radioactive wastes?
Another Definition
Radioactive by-products from the operation
of a nuclear reactor or from the reprocessing
of depleted nuclear waste.

8. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
The following three types are
radioactive wastes?
•Low Level Waste (LLW)
•Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)
•High Level Waste (HLW)

9. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Radioactive waste is a waste product
containing radioactive material. It is
usually the product of a nuclear process
such as nuclear fission.

10. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
LLW radioactive wastes
2.Low Level Waste (LLW)
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The majority of radioactive waste is
"low level waste"
meaning it has low levels of radioactivity
per mass or volume.

11. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
LLW radioactive wastes
2.Low Level Waste (LLW)
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The majority of radioactive waste is
"low level waste"
The are short lived hence they can be
buried in the ground or given near surface
disposal.

12. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
LLW EXAMPLES
Low Level Waste (LLW)
Examples of LLW are contaminated pieces
of equipment used gloves, shoes, paper
towels used to clean radioactive materials,
and clothes (i.e discarded protective
clothing) from nuclear stations
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13. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
High Level Waste (HLW)
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The majority of HLW radioactive materials
are
long lived hence they can be buried deep
in the ground or mixed and stored with
glass.

14. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
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Facts And Characteristics of Low
Level Waste
The waste are slightly radioactive and gives
off small amounts of radiation hence it’s
called LLW.
Low-level waste is produced by most hospitals,
universities, companies, and nuclear energy
plants.

15. PRIMARY ENERGY
SOURCES
Primary energy is energy
found in nature that has not
been subjected to any
conversion or transformation
process.

16. PRIMARY ENERGY
SOURCES
Primary energy is energy found in nature
examples are:
•Fossil Fuels
•Geothermal
•Solar Energy
•Hydro Power
•Nuclear Fuels
•Wave Power
•Wind Power
•Biomass

17. This question is about generating electricity.
You need a primary Energy source to generate
electricity.
JANUARY 2008 GCSE F-TIER

18. JANUARY 2008 GCSE F TIER
(b) Copy and complete the sentences. Choose words from
this list. Each word may be used once, more than once
or not at all.
dangerous long low oil wind
primary secondary top
•Fossil fuels are the most common primary energy
source in this country for generating electricity.
•This means that electricity is a ……………………………
energy source. Electricity is convenient because it
can be transmitted over ……………………distances and
used in many ways. Energy from sources such as solar
and ………………… are classed as renewable.
•Radioactive waste can be classed as either high level,
intermediate level or…………………………… level. [4]

19. GCSE JAN 2008 ANSWERS

20. Which one of the readings in the table is an Outlier? And Why
Q6 JUNE 2007 F-TIER PAPER

21. Properties Of Radioactive Particles
Click to View Table Showing Properties
http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html

22. Copy And Answer Task
Nuclear Waste Disposal
Disposal of nuclear waste raises ethical
problems: Write down any two ethical
problems or issues related to the
disposal of nuclear waste.

23. Your Decision And Action
Before deciding on a course of action, it is
important to ask if it is feasible.
Can it be done?
Then it is possible to consider if it ought to
done.

24. Nuclear Waste Vs Ethical Problem
•Some people say that we must have nuclear power, or
we will not be able to combat global warming and still
produce enough energy.
•Others say that it is unethical to produce waste that
will still be dangerous in many thousands of years’
time.

25. Q1. Here is some information about people who have
contact with sources in the hospital. Who is likely to
receive the largest life time dose if not specially
protected? And why?
Q2. Disposal of nuclear waste raises ethical problems: Write down
any two ethical problems or issues related to the disposal of
nuclear waste.

26. There are three types of radiation produced
by radioactive sources. Which type of
radiation would be best for each of the
following hospital uses? And Why?

27. ANSWERS

28. The nuclear fission process needs to be controlled to release the
energy safely. The following statements describe this control
process. They are in the wrong order:
A) Coolant is used to carry the heat energy away from the reactor.
B) More neutrons are released. C) The uranium undergoes fission.
D) Neutrons in the reactor collide with uranium.
E) Some of these neutrons are absorbed by control rods.
Fill in the boxes to show the right order. The last one has been done for you.
GCSE JAN 2008 Q6 HIGHER PAPER
Q6a)

29. Q 6b) The process of nuclear fission can carry
on unaided once it is started. Write the name
for this type of reaction:……………………

30. Q6 c)

31. Answers to Q6a), Q6b) and Q6c)
6b) Chain Reaction
Q6a)
6c)

32. RADIOACTIVE DECAY
•What is an Alpha decay?
• What is a Beta decay?
•When a Beta particle is emitted what
happens?
•What is a Gamma Decay?

33. ALPHA DECAY
What is an Alpha decay?
It is the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus
that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha
particle.
Question: Polonium-210 is an alpha emitter.
Explain what would happen to Polonium when it
emits an alpha particle?

34. BETA DECAY
What is a Beta decay?

35. BETA DECAY
What is a Beta decay?
It is a radioactive decay of an atomic
nucleus that is accompanied by the
emission of a beta particle

36. BETA DECAY
When a nucleus emits a beta particle, it loses one
of its neutrons and gains one proton.
Hence, it's mass and atomic number remain the
same but its charge and proton number is
increased by +1.
In B- decay, the usual B decay, a neutron is
converted into a proton, ejecting an electron and
electron antineutrino.

37. BETA DECAY
When a Beta particle is emitted what
happens?
In B- decay, a neutron is converted into a
proton, ejecting an electron and electron
antineutrino.
In B+ decay, also known as positron emission, a
protron is converted into a neutron, a positron,
and a neutrino.

38. Emission of Radioactive Particles
•What happens to atoms during alpha
emission?
•An internal change takes place in the unstable nucleus of the Atom
and an alpha particle is ejected leaving a decay product.
•The atom then experience a loss of two
protons along with two neutrons.

39. ALPHA DECAY
The loss of an alpha particle actually changes the atom to a
different element (the number of protons determines the
element):
Example
•Polonium-210 is an alpha emitter. During
radioactive decay, it loses two protons,
and becomes a lead-206 atom, which is
stable (i.e., non radioactive).

40. Copy and complete the block diagram
below showing how a coal fired Power
Station produces electricity.
GCSE 2010 Q7 H-TIER PAPER

41. ANSWER TO GSCE Q7

42. ANSWER TO Q1c JAN 2009

43. ANSWER Q6 JAN 2009