Pain and discomfort

pain theories assessment and management health psychology

1. PAIN AND DISCOMFORT

2. WHAT IS PAIN? Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage Pain is a protective mechanism Subjective

3. TYPES OF PAIN FAST AND SLOW PAIN ACUTE PAIN CHRONIC PAIN CHRONIC RECURRENT PAIN

4. SYMPTOMS OF PAIN

5. THEORIES OF PAIN

6. DESCARTES VIEW Rene’ Descartes Cartesian Theory of pain French Philosopher that first proposed that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain.

7. DESCARTES VIEW

8. INTENSIVE THEORY Whilliam Erb (1874) Also called as Intensity Theory Pain = stimulas intensity + central summation Dorsal horn cells

9. Specificity Thory Von Frey,1895 First modern theory Pain centre in brain Separate sensory system for pain Free nerve endings are pain receptors

10. Pattern Theory JP Nafe , 1929 Specific and particular pattern of nerve firing give pain sensation Touch receptors also sense pain Patterns occur with intense stimulation

11. The fourth theory of pain Hardy, Wolff, and Goodell , 1940s Pain has two components Perception Reaction

12. Central summation theory Livingstone,1943 Intense stimulation from tissue damage pools within spinal cord Prolonged abnormal activity in spinal cord projects to brain for pain perception

13. Gate control theoy Melzack ad Wall, 1965 There exist a gate system within spinal cord Inhibit = gate closed Allow = gate open T cells in substantia gelatinosa

14. Factors influencing gate control Amount of activity in pain fibers Amount of activity in other peripheral fibers Messages that descend from barin

15. Bio psycho social model of pain

16. PAIN ASSESSMENT HOW WE MEASURE PEOPLE’S PAIN

17. THREE WAYS Self report Behavioural Physiological Tools are assisted

18. FLACC Face Legs Activity Cry Consolabilty (used for neonatal babies)

19. Wong Baker faces pain scale Uses self report of patient

20. Visual analogue scale

21. Physiological indicators Increased heart rate Increased respiratory rate Increased blood pressure Decreased oxygen saturation rate

22. MANAGING AND CONTROLLING CLINICAL PAIN

23. Pharmacological control Nonopioid analgesics Nonnarcotic drugs

24. Surgical control Repairing source or altering nervous system

25. Sensory Control counterirritation

26. Biofeedback

27. Most common techniques Transcendental Mindfulness

28. Hypnosis

29. ACCUPUNTURE