Paragraph writing lecture 2.. B.ed. pptx

The purpose of writing varies widely depending on context, goals, and audience. At its core, writing is a means of communication, allowing individuals to express thoughts, convey ideas, and share information. Writing serves multiple functions, from personal expression and creativity to practical purposes such as documentation, education, and persuasion. Each type of writing has its distinct objective, guided by the writer's intention and the expectations of the audience.

One of the fundamental purposes of writing is to inform. Informative writing aims to convey factual information, often in a clear, straightforward manner. It includes textbooks, reports, news articles, and instructional materials where accuracy and clarity are prioritized. The goal is to present the reader with knowledge or data without requiring interpretation or judgment. Informative writing helps educate people about the world around them, enhancing their understanding of various subjects.

Persuasion is another significant purpose of writing. Persuasive writing seeks to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint, take action, or make decisions. Writers employ rhetoric and logic, supported by evidence, to argue their case effectively. This type of writing is often found in advertisements, political speeches, opinion pieces, and essays. Persuasive writing aims not just to inform but to sway the reader, often appealing to emotions as well as reason.

Writing also serves the purpose of entertaining. Creative writing, such as fiction, poetry, drama, and creative non-fiction, allows writers to explore ideas and emotions in imaginative ways. The purpose here is to engage the reader emotionally and intellectually, often provoking thought or evoking a specific feeling. Writers in this genre often emphasize style, tone, and voice, creating an aesthetic experience for the reader.

In academia, writing is primarily used for critical thinking and analysis. Academic writing, such as research papers, theses, and dissertations, requires precision, evidence, and a structured argument. The purpose is to contribute to a body of knowledge, present new research findings, or offer interpretations of existing information. Writers in this field follow formal conventions, such as citing sources and adhering to a logical structure, to ensure their work is credible and reliable.

On a more personal level, writing can serve as a form of self-expression and reflection. Journals, diaries, and personal blogs allow writers to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. This type of writing is often introspective, helping individuals make sense of their lives and emotions. It can be therapeutic, providing a safe space to process personal events or ideas.

Another important purpose of writing is documentation and record-keeping. This can range from keeping meeting minutes and writing legal contracts to recording history and maintaining archives. The goal is to preserve information accurately.

1. Paragraph writing Lecture ____________ 2 nd Supervisor__________ Mir Darvesh Noor Class ______________ B. Ed 1 st

2. Brief history of paragraph In 1866, the first systematic theory of a paragraph was introduced by the logic professor “Alexander Bain’s book, (English composition and rhetoric)” where he authored that a paragraph is a collection of sentences with unity of purpose.

3. What is paragraph? A paragraph is the combination of sentences or series of sentences based on a single idea. It begins with a topical sentence to make the idea evident. However, it is strategically organized in order to maintain the flow. Paragraph can contain many kinds of information like, 1. It contains a series of brief examples or single illustration of the general point of views. 2. It may explain an error or describe a place, character, or even a process.

4. Parts of paragraph A paragraph contains three parts Topical sentence A very first sentence of the paragraph which has the main theme or idea of the paragraph. A well organized paragraph is developed through a single controlling idea express on a single sentence, known as topical sentence. This part of the paragraph tells the readers that about what the paragraph is going to be.

5. Parts of paragraph (continue…) 2 . Supporting sentences This part of the paragraph refers to provide detail and general information about the topical sentence. It develops the main idea and clarify the perspective that has been introduced in topical sentence. The supporting part of the paragraph contains minimum 2/3 sentences, and maximum “no limit”.

6. Parts of paragraph (continue…) 3. Ending sentence (Closure sentence) This is referred as the last part of the paragraph, which should end up the information about what is discussed. This sentence may repeat the topical sentence but in different words.

7. Characteristics of a paragraph A paragraph must have unity, coherence, and cohesion. Unity There should be connectivity, relativity, and closeness within all the sentences of paragraph. As well as, the sentences of paragraph must relate the topical sentence. 2. Coherence It is something necessary that a paragraph must have flow and smoothness that readers would enjoy the passage. When it has a smooth flow and while there is relationship between sentences, it means there is coherence.

8. Characteristics of a paragraph 3. Cohesion When all the supporting sentences are connected together through transition devices and conjunctions where it is required, it would mean that there is cohesion in the paragraph. However, the correct usage of prepositions also matter here.

9. Transition words/devices Words or phrases which are used to link one sentence to another for maintaining the coherent of a passage. These devices work as bridges in the compositions.

10. Transition words/devices

11. More t ransition words/devices

12. Paragraph without transition devices

13. Paragraph with transition devices