Participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques

Lack of participation from the intended users of technologies leads to technological, management and extension gaps in the field of agriculture. Therefore, participatory techniques and tools have evolved to capture the farmer’s perspective for technology development and extension. Participatory Rural Appraisal is a mix of tools and techniques that help in looking at the farms from farmer's perspective.

1. PARTICIPATORY PARTICIPATORY RURAL RURAL APPRAISAL:APPRAISAL:
Tools and Techniques Tools and Techniques
11
AshishAshishSantoshSantoshMuraiMurai
11
and and RenuRenuBalakrishnanBalakrishnan
22
11
Scientist (Agricultural Extension), ICARScientist (Agricultural Extension), ICAR--ATARI, Ludhiana, Punjab, IndiaATARI, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
2 2
Scientist (Agricultural Extension), ICARScientist (Agricultural Extension), ICAR--CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, IndiaCIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
••Conventional/traditionalConventional/traditionalmethodsmethodsconsideredconsideredfarmersfarmersasas
meremerepassivepassiverecipientsrecipients
••FocusFocusononadoptionadoptionofofinstitutionallyinstitutionallydevelopeddevelopedtechnologiestechnologies
••LargeLargetechnological,technological,managementmanagementandandextensionextensiongapsgaps
••Needed,Needed,capturingcapturingfarmer’sfarmer’sperspectiveperspective
2

3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISALPARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL
““a methodology for interacting with villagers and seeking their a methodology for interacting with villagers and seeking their
participation in putting forward their point of views about participation in putting forward their point of views about
problems, analyze them, and use the learning.” problems, analyze them, and use the learning.”
--Kumar Kumar et. al.et. al.(2000)(2000)
3

4. PRINCIPLES OF PRINCIPLES OF PRAPRA
••Exploring diversity: Exploring diversity: valuing diversity in defining a rural setup
••Learning Learning through through participation: participation: seeing things from the eyes of
rural people
••Triangulation: Triangulation: using different ways of data collection
••Optimal Optimal ignorance: ignorance: collectinginformation only relevant to the
study
4

5. WHAT TO EXPECT WHAT TO EXPECT ??
•Localdiversity/resourceslikesoiltypes,rainfall
characteristics,climaticparameters,watershedsetc.
•Majorfarmtypes
•Farmpracticesrelatedtosoilhealth,planthealth,water
management,pestanddiseasemanagementetc.
•Constraintsinadoptingimprovedagriculturalpractices
•Exploringoverallopportunitiesinfarmdevelopment
5

6. DEVELOPING PRA METHODOLOGY DEVELOPING PRA METHODOLOGY
•Earlierexperienceoffieldassessors
•Listeningandunderstandingabilitiesofpractitioners
•Thepractitionersmustbefacilitators•Thepractitionersmustbefacilitators
••EmpoweringEmpoweringparticipantsparticipantstotomanagemanagethethechangechangeprocessprocess
••SelectionSelectionofofappropriateappropriatePRAPRAtoolstools
••FocusFocusononaaspecificspecificagroagro--ecologicalecologicalareaarea
••LeastLeastdatadataandandinformationinformationtotobebegatheredgathered
6

7. PRA PRA TOOLSTOOLS
7

8. BrainstormingBrainstorming
••GeneratingGeneratingoutout--thethe--boxboxsolutionssolutionsbybytriggeringtriggeringcreativecreative
thinkingthinking
––Freewheeling/Freewheeling/quantityquantitybreedsbreedsqualityquality
––SuspendedSuspendedjudgment/judgment/withholdwithholdcriticismcriticism
––ThereTherearearenonounusual/worthlessunusual/worthlessideasideas
––RecordingRecordingandandconsolidatingconsolidating
8

9. Focus Focus GroupGroup
••totorealizerealizelocallocalbeliefbeliefsystem,system,perceptions,perceptions,opinionsopinionsetcetc..
throughthroughdiscussiondiscussionamongamongfewfewparticipantsparticipants
••aafacilitatorfacilitatorsystematicallysystematicallydrivesdrivesthethediscussiondiscussionaboutaboutaa
specificspecifictopictopic
••aacoco--facilitatorfacilitatormaymaytaketakenotesnotesandandrecordrecordthetheproceedingsproceedings
••allallparticipantsparticipantsmustmustcontribute,contribute,preferablypreferablyevenlyevenly
9

10. Priority GridPriority Grid
••aagridgridisisdevelopeddevelopedtotoprioritizeprioritizethetheissuesissuesandandconcernsconcerns
••facilitatesfacilitatesnegotiationsnegotiationsandandbuildsbuildsconsensusconsensusaboutaboutsettingsetting
prioritiespriorities
••aapreferencepreferencerankingrankingprocedureprocedurethroughthroughpairpair--wisewiserankingrankingofof
itemsitems..
10

11. Transects / Transects / MapsMaps
••aavisualvisualtooltooltotoillustrateillustratelocallocalsituationsituation
••donedonebybyaateamteamofofmultidisciplinarymultidisciplinaryscientistsscientistsandandvillagersvillagers
••participantsparticipantsdiscussdiscussproblemsproblemsandandissuesissues
••purposepurposeisistotogetgetaageneralgeneralideaideatotounderstandunderstandstrengthsstrengths,,••purposepurposeisistotogetgetaageneralgeneralideaideatotounderstandunderstandstrengthsstrengths,,
weaknessesweaknessesandandopportunitiesopportunities
11

12. Resource Resource MappingMapping
••Recording natural Recording natural resources available resources available
••maps maps are developed on ground by the people with a stick or are developed on ground by the people with a stick or
chalk chalk
••latter latter recorded on recorded on paperpaper
••key key informants informants may be deployedmay be deployed
12

13. Contd.Contd.
13

14. Crop Crop CalendarCalendar
••timelinetimelineofofcropscropsgrowngrownandandcultivationscultivationsandandpostpost--harvestharvest
practicespracticesfollowedfollowedininaayearyear
••gendergenderspecificspecificactivitiesactivitiesandandworkloadsworkloads
14

15. Constraint Constraint analysisanalysis
••Limitations,Limitations,whichwhichrestrictrestrictcertaincertaintargettargetororgoalgoalfromfrom
accomplishmentaccomplishment
••farmfarm,,community,community,districtdistrictorornationalnationallevellevel
••naturalnaturalorormanmademanmade
••What,What,who,who,when,when,why,why,howhow
15

16. Stakeholder analysisStakeholder analysis
••totoidentifyidentifyandandassessassessthetheinfluenceinfluenceofofstakeholdersstakeholders
••totounderstandunderstandthethesocialsocialscenarioscenario
16

17. Venn diagramsVenn diagrams
••totodepictdepictthethelogicallogicalrelationshipsrelationships
••aasetsetofofoverlappingoverlappingcirclescirclesororovalsovals
••insideinsiderepresentsrepresentsrelationshiprelationshipandandoutsideoutsiderepresentrepresent
absenceabsenceofofrelationshiprelationship
••sizesizeofofthetheshapesshapesusedusedtotoshowshowdegreedegreeofof
similarity/differencessimilarity/differences
17

18. Gender analysisGender analysis
••GenderGenderdifferencesdifferenceswithwithrespectrespecttotosocialsocialroles,roles,experiences,experiences,
responsibilities,responsibilities,needs,needs,priorities,priorities,issues,issues,interestsinterestsetcetc..TT
••totoachieveachieveequityequity
••maymayincludeincludetimetimebudgetbudgetanalysisanalysis
18

19. Contd.Contd.
19

20. Trend analysisTrend analysis
••comparingcomparingthethepastpastandandpresentpresentlevelslevelsofofdifferentdifferent
parametersparameters
••givesgivesananideaideaaboutaboutthethechangechangeoveroveraaperiodperiodofoftimetime
20

21. Case studyCase study
••inin--depthdepthstudystudyofofananissue,issue,people,people,groups,groups,eventseventsetcetc..
••totogaingainaadeepdeepunderstandingunderstandingofofdifferentdifferentfactorsfactorsthatthatimpactimpact
anyanyparticularparticularsituationsituation
21

22. Resource FlowResource Flow
••ItItdepictsdepictsthetheflowflowofofdifferentdifferentresourcesresourcesthroughoutthroughoutthethe
entireentireproductionproductionsystemsystem
22

23. ADVANTAGES OF PRAADVANTAGES OF PRA
IdentifyingIdentifyinggenuinegenuineprioritiesprioritiesofoftargettargetgroupgroup
LocalLocalworkersworkersgetgetencouragedencouragedininthetheprocessprocess
BondsBondsdevelopdevelopbetweenbetweenlocallocalpeoplepeoplewithwithdevelopmentdevelopment
agencyagencyagencyagency
LocalLocalresourcesresourcescancanbebemobilizedmobilized
DevelopmentDevelopmentisisexpectedexpectedtotobebemoremoresustainablesustainable
23

24. DISADVANTAGES OF PRADISADVANTAGES OF PRA
••ExpectationsExpectationsmaymaygetgethighhighandandbeyondbeyondthetheprojectsprojectstotorealizerealize
••InfluencingInfluencingpeoplepeoplemaymaytaketakecontrolcontrolofofthetheactivitiesactivitiesforfortheirtheir
vestedvestedinterestinterest
••ManyManyaatimes,times,thethepoorpoorororsociallysociallybackwardbackwardpeoplepeoplemaymaynotnot
getgetproperlyproperlyrepresentedrepresented
24

25. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
••flexibleflexibleapproachapproachtotolearninglearning
••AimAimisistotolistenlistentotothethelocallocalvoicesvoices
••ObserveObserveeverythingeverythingandandvalidatevalidate
••HelpHelpdesigndesignprogramsprogramswithwithsustainablesustainableimpactsimpacts
25

26. REFERENCESREFERENCES
•Kumar,BandHansara,BS(2000)ExtensionEducationfor
HumanResourceDevelopment.ConceptPublishingCompany,
NewDelhi.
•Paul,R.(2006).ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)•Paul,R.(2006).ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)
Manual.FAO.Rome.
26