Partition of Bengal-1.pptx Pakistan studies

Pakistan's ideology and factors creating Pakistan

1. Partition of Bengal: In 1905, Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon for administrative reasons. This made East Bengal mostly Muslims, which upset many Hindus. They began movements against Muslims. After the 1905 partition, Muslims believed Hindus didn’t want Muslims to succeed, so they supported the British against Hindu influence .

2. Anti Muslim Campaign: British doubted Muslim loyalty after taking power. Hindus and British collaborated against Muslims faith and Customs. Only British could hold top roles; Muslims excluded. Muslims pressured to convert, send children to coeducational schools.

3. British Parliamentary system: Majority rules system: In India, the system of majority rule raised concerns among Muslims, who feared Hindu domination due to the Hindu majority. Muslims Fear of Domination: Muslims perceived the implementation of this system as potentially leading to their subjugation or “slavery” under Hindu rule.

4. Demand for separate Electorates: To protect their interests, Muslims advocated for separate electorates, ensuring their own political representation distinct form Hindus. Separate Electorates and separate Homeland: The acceptance of separate electorates was the first step in the broader demand for a separate Muslim homeland, reflecting the deepening divide between the two communities

5. Protection Of Urdu Language: The Hindu-Urdu controversy began in 1867 when Hindus in Banaras demanded Hindi replace Urdu as the court language, leading to tension between the two communities. Urdu's symbolic importance to Muslims led to the establishment of the All India Muslim League in 1906, with Urdu playing a significant role in the demand for a separate Muslim homeland, eventually resulting in the creation of Pakistan.

6. Congress Ministries During the Congress Ministries (1937-1939), Hindus marginalized Muslims, leading to Hindu-Muslim riots. Policies such as the introduction of Band-e- Mataram , a three-colored flag, and the banning of cow slaughter added to Muslim resentment. Muslim leaders expressed their discontent to Gandhi and Nehru, with Nehru asserting that India had only two nations, Congress and British. This statement, along with other injustices, prompted Muslims to present the Pakistan Resolution in 1940.

7. Conclusion: On the basis of above mentioned factors and bitter attitude of British and Congress the Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society. Therefore they quitted Congress and demanded separate land on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus. According to Quaid-e-Azam, The Muslims demanded Pakistan were they can rule in accordance with their own system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic law.