Passion fruit

production technology of passion fruit

1. PASSION FRUIT

2. Intoduction Family : Passifloraceae Origin : Brazil Distribution in india : Parts of Western Ghat such as Nilgiris , Wayanad , Kodaikanal , Shevroys , Coorg and Malabar Himachal Pradesh North Eastern States like Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram

3. PURPLE PASSION FRUIT Passiflora edulis Vines are productive at higher elevations. Fruits are 4-5 cm in diameter, deep purple when ripe each weighing 35-45 g. The juice content varies from 31-35 per cent. The variety is known for its quality in terms of flavour and nutrient content. Seeds are black in colour . The varieties are susceptible to leaf spot, collar rot, attack by thrips and nematodes.

4. YELLOW PASSION FRUIT Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa This variety is suitable for lower elevations Highly vigorous than purple one The fruit is weighing about 60 g round in shape with yellow mottled spots, turns golden yellow when ripe Juice is more acidic, its recovery being comparatively less than the purple. Seeds are brown Tolerant to leaf spot and wilt, escapes the damage by thrips and tolerant to nematodes.

5. Passiflora quadrangularis - Giant granadilla Oblong-ovoid fruit of very large size (20-30 cm long and 12-15 cm diameter) Thick skin Greenish-white to pale yellow color Whitish to yellowish sweet acid arils having mild flavor.

6. Passiflora ligularis - Sweet granadilla

7. Passiflora mollissima - B anana passion fruit

8. Passiflora laurifolia -Yellow grandilla

9. Passiflora maliformis -Sweet calabash

10. Passiflora caerulea -Blue passion fruit Resistant to fusarium wilt and phytophthora stem rot

11. Botany The passion fruit vine is shallow rooted, woody, perennial, climbing by means of tendrils A single fragrant pentamerous flower, 5 cm to 7.5 cm wide is borne at each node on the new growth The fruits are nearly round to oval and has a tough rind which is smooth and waxy The fruit has an aromatic mass of double walled, membranous sacs filled with orange coloured , pulpy juice and as many as 250 small, hard, dark brown or black seeds

12. Importance Fruit can be used as fresh fruit as it is delicious and nutritious It is a rich source of Vitamin A and contains fair amounts of Sodium, Magnesium, Sulphur and Chlorides The fruit is used for producing a high quality squash and flavouring several other products. To enhance the flavour of the final produce, passion fruit juice is often mixed with juices of pineapple, mango, ginger etc. The juice is extensively used in confectionery and preparation of cakes, pies and ice cream The leaf of passion fruit is used as a vegetable in the hills of North Eastern India

13. Cont…. Boiled extract of fresh tender leaves is prescribed as a remedy for diabetes, hypertension, diarrhoea , dysentry , gastritis, abdominal flatulence and as a liver tonic The rinds of passion fruit have 2.4% pectin content The rind residue contains about 5-6 % protein and could be used as a filler in poultry and stock feed The seeds yield 23 % oil which has edible as well as industrial uses A glycoside, passiflorine , especially from P. incarnata used as a sedative or tranquilizer Juice of Passion fruit is prescribed as a digestive stimulant and treatment for gastric cancer

14. Climate Tropical to subtropical humid climate Grows well up to 2000 m altitude with an annual rainfall of 1000 to 2500 mm Yellow-lower altitude purple-1000 to 2000 m The crop requires an optimum temperature of 20° to 30°C Temperatures below 15°C restricts vegetative growth and flowering

15. Soil It grows best in light sandy loam soils with good drainage pH 6.0 -7.0 (5.5-7.5) Soil having sufficient quantity of moisture, rich in organic matter Salt content should be low Cannot tolerate salinity and heavy or shallow textured soil

16. Varieties Purple gold, E-23, Black Beauty, Lacey, Hybrids Kaveri (purple x yellow) –High yielding -Tolerant to wilt nematodes and collar rot - by Central Horticulture Experimental Station, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Chettalli , Karnataka Tai Non NO.1 –From Japan

17. Propagation Seed Propagation Seed extraction-Fermentation of pulp(72 hr) , washing, drying, storage at low temperature for three months The seeds are sown in well prepared seed beds during March-April The seedlings after attaining 4-6 leaves stage are transplanted in 10 cm x 22 cm polybags filled with a mixture of soil, compost and sand (2:1:1) The seedlings will be ready for transplanting in the main field in about three months

18. Cutting Semi-hardwood cuttings of about 20-30 cm long with 2-3 nodes The cuttings are to be first placed in sand beds/pots for root initiation and then transferred to polybags for better root development The rooted cuttings are ready for planting in about three months

19. Grafting Hedge or cleft grafting Rootstocks for P. edulis f. flavicarpa are P. caerulea P. cincinnata

20. Micrografting Commonly used for mass multiplication of hybrids In vitro shoot tip grafting in modified MS medium is successful in passion fruit Meristems from green house grown plant were micrografted on in vitro germinated seedlings After formation of two or more leaves hardening is done

21. Micropropagation Leaf culture and internodal culture in MS media Shoot regeneration from leaf derived explant using BA and rhizogenesis with NAA Shoot tip culture is successful in yellow passion fruit

22. Planting Planting sites experiencing high winds should be avoided Planting done in a pit of 45x45x45 cm The pits are filled with a mixture of three parts of top soil and one part of compost Planting is done during May-June after onset of monsoon Spacing – 2 to 4 X 2.5 to 5 Kniffin system -2m x 3m, -1666 plants/ha In bower system - 3m x 3m -1110 plants/ha Turmeric and ginger could be grown as intercrops

23. Manures and fertilizers Index leaves- Sixth leaf from apex and leaf against the first open flower Leaf nutrient standards N :4.25-5.25% P :0.25-0.35% K :2.0-2.5% Ca :0.5-1.5% Mg :0.25-0.35% S :0.2-0.4% Mn :50-200 ppm Fe :100-200 ppm Zn :45-80 ppm

24. Nutrient recommendation - N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O-1000:100:500 kg/ha/year Increased level of N promote only vegetative growth Potassium enhance fruit yield For organic crops FYM-1 st year -10 kg/vine 2 nd year onwards -15 kg/vine FYM + vermicompost - 3-4:1 in Feb-March

25. Training Two arm kniffin system is ideal Trained on trellis Pillars of 2-2.5 m Training is done in North to South direction for even exposure to sun light In sri lanka glyricida along with plain steel wire-high yield –BC ratio 1.56

26. Pruning Pruning done in late winter when plant is dormant Dead ,weak and diseased branches are removed Shorten the strong cane by 1/3 rd to encourage new growth of shoots In some areas after the harvest of the crop, the laterals are cut back to 4-5 buds

27. Irrigation Water requirement -1300 to 1470 mm for 40 t/ha productivity Irrigation done when rainfall is less and poorly distributed Water requirement is high during fruit development and maturity Drip irrigation system is widely adopted by farmers

28. Weeding Hand weeding Weedicides - diuron 2-4 kg ai /ha - oxyfluorfen 0.5-1.0 kg ai /ha

29. Growth and development Four stages of growth and development Embryonic -10 to15 days Juvanile -80±10 days(2 phyllotaxic turns) Transition-3 rd to 7 th phyllotaxic turns Adult phase –After 8 th phyllotaxic turn Vegitative and reproductive phase are continuous and simultaneous

30. Flowering Flowers form above 24 th node Formed on leaf axils of new shoots protandrous Purple passion fruit- self pollinated Yellow passion fruit-self in compatible Pollinators - Carpenter Bee ( Xylocopa sonorina ) and the honeybee ( Apis millifera )

31. Fruiting Fruit set - 20-45% Single sigmoid growth pattern Maximum fruit size- 25-30 days Maturity -60-90 days(70-75 days peak) (1-2 years from planting) Economic life span of 3-5 years

32. Harvesting and yield  There are two major seasons of production, June to August and November to January Immature fruits do not ripen properly after harvest The fully mature fruit have the best flavour , but a short shelf-life.  Harvested when they are about three-quarters yellow or purple Yield Purple variety - 8-10 t/ha Yellow variety – 7-10 t/ha Hybrid Kaveri -16-20 t/ ha.

33. Post harvest management Grading –based on colour and size Packing- 8-10 kg cartons and in polythene bag Storage 4-5 days at room temperature 4-5 weeks at 5°C and 80-90% relative humidity

34. Pests Mealy bug ( Planococcus pacificus ) Mites ( Brevipus phoenicis ) Fruit fly ( Dacus tryoni ) California Red Scale ( Aonidiella aurantii ) Barnacle scale ( Ceroplastes   cistudiformis ) Snails Helicornia caterpillers

35. Diseases Brown spot - Alternaria macrospora Root Rot - Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica Wilt - Fusarium oxysporum / F.passiflorae Septoria spot - Septoria passiflorae Collor rot – Rhizoctonia solani

36. Viruses Chrysanthemum B carlavirus , Passiflora latent carlavirus Passiflora ringspot potyvirus Passionfruit woodiness potyvirus Purple granadilla mosaic virus

37. Physiological disorders Shrivel and fruit drop- moisture stress Pulp fermentation Chilling injury- Exposure of fruit to low temperature(<5°C)

38. References

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