PCK-6-MODULE-9.pptx Digital/ Cyber Literacy

A Digital Cyber Literacy presentation

1. MODULE 9 : DIGITAL/ CYBER LITERACY

2. Digital Literacy Digital literacy is the set of competencies required for full participation in society that includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors involving the effective use of digital devices for purposes of communication, expression, collaboration and advocacy. Cybersecurity Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. T ips on how to protect yourself against cyber threats. 1. Morutor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something online, try to realize (a) Does this need to be public, and (b) Is it worth the risk? 2. Keep devices safe Protect your technology tools by installing Anti-virus software, a configuration of settings on the devices and by completing software updates.

3. 3 Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and hard to guess, but can still be remembered. 4. Handle unsafe content Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe situations online, such as (1) suspicious emails (2) pop-ups claiming that your computer is infected, and (3) BitTorrent sites. 5. Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices with an utmost care and critical thinking when online. Cyber Citizenship Cyber citizenship refers to being responsible when using the Internet.

4. Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen 1. Be careful and critical for whatever you post online that could be visible to the public even if on a "private" page through tagging by a friend 2. If you have a problem with someone, go to that person or an adult to help work it out, instead of posting your expression online 3. Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but give credit to the sources you use and critically analyze everything you search online. 4. Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested in, to help you research relevant and needed data or information and to stay connected with friends throughout the world 5. Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project and check on accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web

5. 6. Give out certain information only. 7 Don't answer questions that make you uncomfortable 8. Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet someone you knew through the Internet 9. Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an article or a part of it is due. 10. Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid hacking. Importance of Cyber Citizenship It keeps the Internet free from hurtful statements. It creates a culture of more reliable information. It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have created. More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to adults. It keeps information private.

6. Proper Netiquette Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending messages online. Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), correct link and you are sending the information to the right person when doing it online. 2. Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false statements and information on the web or f orwarding junk mail or chain letters to family and friends. 3. Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other person would interpret it the same way .4. Keep your comments clean and don’t confront others online or say anything that could be hurtful to them. 5. Keep your personal and friends’ information private and don’t forward information that was given to you without his/her permission. 6. Watch out for spam and other fund e-mails and never reply to them. 7. If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because messages can get misdelivered . 8. Adults should monitor kids’ messages, especially when they are sending e-mails to others without permission. The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship At some point, misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools involving teachers with their students, colleagues and others. The following are reminders to teachers regarding the use of media tools .1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene pictures and messages online that can be accessed by students and parents. 2. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by students onlineother than those school-related

7. 3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone. 4. Thou shall not give your email password to students .5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the author’s citation. 6. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes, the pictures of students without their or their parents’ consent. 7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements against superiors, colleagues, students and their parent using their social media accounts. 8. Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like lesson plans, researches and requirements without the consent of the author. 9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other’s information to anyone unless for specific purposes and given the consent. 10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings, school records, class outputs and record of grades. De Leon (2019) Internet Safety- Internet safety, online safety or cyber safety means trying to be safe on the Internet. It is maximizing the user’s personal safety and security risks to private information and property associated with using the Internet, including self-protection from computer crime. As the number of Internet users continues to grow worldwide, issues and concerns also continuously exist. Information security. Sensitive information, such as information, identity and passwords are often associated with personal property and privacy and may present security concerns if leaked. Unauthorized access and usage of private information may result in consequences, such as identity and property theft.

8. Common causes of information security breaches include: Phishing. It is a common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as a trustworthy source in an attempt to obtain private information, such as passwords, credit card information, etc. through the use of fake websites that look identical and legitimate. 2. Internet scams. These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways in an attempt to take advantage of them. 3. Malware. It is a malicious software (particularly spyware) disguised to collect and transmit private information, such as password without the user’s consent or knowledge, of which itis impossible to determine whether a file is infected. Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many important services accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital communication. While it allows communication with others, it is also being grabbed-by malicious users for bad intent. The following are common threats to personal safety * Cyberstalking. It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group or organization through false accusations, defamation, slander, vandalism, solicitation for sex, or gathering information that may be used to threaten, embarrass o rharass .. *Cyberbullying. It is the use of electronic means, such as instant messaging, social media, e-mail and other forms of online communication with the intent to abuse, intimidate, or overpower an individual or group. * Online predation. It is the act of engaging an underage minor into appropriate sexual relationships through the Internet. Online predators may attempt to initiate and seduce minors into relationships through the use of chat rooms or Internet forums. The behavior characteristics are categorized into three groups: A) Manipulative – typically a child molester; B) Opportunist- typically a rapist; and C) Coercive- being a mixture of both rapists and child molesters.

9. * . Obscene/offensive content. Various websites on the Internet contain material that may deem offensive, distasteful or explicit, which may often not be of the user’s liking. Such websites may include the Internet, shock sites, hate speech or otherwise, and inflammatory content. Such content may manifest in many ways, such as pop-up ads and unsuspecting links. * Sextortion. It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this involves a cybercriminal posing as someone else, such as an attractive person initiating communication of a sexual nature with the victim. The video is recorded by the cybercriminal to demand money or other services, threaten to publicly release the video and send to family members and friends of the victim if they do not comply. Computer Threats and Fixing Solutions -The realm of Information Technology (IT) security professionals and computer security has become an issue and concern for many people (Honan, 2014). A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has potential to cause serious harm to a computer system. It is something that may or may not happen, but has the potential to cause serious damage and can lead to attacks on computer systems and networks. Cybercrime is now becoming alarming in the life of every individual and the organization as they tend to steal information that they can sell or trade, such as financial details, credit card information, personal details, or any other information using computer network.

10. Likewise, while email has been the main method for the spread of computer viruses, it can also enter a network by the USB device, Internet download, visiting an infected website, instant messaging or messaging social media platforms, file transfer and file-sharing programs, or by remote users connecting directly to the corporate network with an infected PC. Once a computer virus gets into a network, it can spread from computer to computer in multiple ways. Given the numerous ways a computer virus can spread, the following are ways on how to ensure that computer networks can be protected. Install anti-virus software- Ensure that reputable anti-virus software is installed on all computers, including all servers, PCs and laptops. 2. Ensure that the anti-virus is up-to-date- New computer viruses are being released daily and so it is essential that computers are protected by keeping the anti0-virus software-up-to-date. 3. Employ a firewall to protect networks- As computer viruses can spread by means other than email, it is important that unwanted traffic is blocked from entering the network by suing a firewall. 4. Filter all email traffic- Example of emails with certain file attachments commonly used by computer viruses to spread themselves, such as .EXE, .COM and .SCR files. These should be prevented from entering the network. 5. Educate all users to be careful suspicious e-mails- Ensure that all users know to never open an attachment or to click on a link in an email they are not expecting.

11. 6. Scan Internet downloads . -Ensure that all files downloaded from the Internet are scanned against computer viruses from one central point on the network. 7. Do not run programs of unknown origin -It is important to use a trusted source for software requirements to be installed and ensure it can be accounted for. 8. Implement a vulnerability management system.- It is important to regularly review network and the applications running on it for new vulnerabilities and a plan on how to manage them, either by patching or upgrading them using tools, such as firewalls or Intrusion Detection Systems that should be put in place. 9. Make regular backups of critical data. There is a need to keep important files on removable media, such as portable devices or tape for back-up in the event that the network is infected with a computer virus. 10. Develop an Information Security Policy. The creation and publication of an Information Security Policy is key to ensuring that information security receives the profile it requires in order to secure the systems and data. 11. Monitor logs and systems. Regular monitoring of network and system logs can assist in the early identification of a computer virus infecting the network or any other type of security breach. 12. Restrict end-users access to the systems. Where possible, end users are prohibited from access to the system so that the virus will also be restricted.

12. Cyberbullying Cyberbullying, cyber harassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means usually among minors in a school setting and has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers. It is an aggressive, intentional act or behaviour that is carried out by a group or an individual using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself. The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post texts or images that intend to hurt or embarrass another person. It may also include public actions, such as repeated threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false statements to discredit the targeted person. Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying, it is just that victims may not know the identity of their bully and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims’ personal data on websites or forums-called doxing, or may use impersonation, and create fake accounts, comments o rsites for the purpose of publishing material in their names. This can leave the cyberbully anonymous sand difficult to be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior. Cyberbullying types. There are various types of cyberbullying and research has revealed serious profound consequences on victims. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over Internet in an online community to elicit are action, disruption or intentionally provoke and offend others. 2. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communication to stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her. I mplications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti-bullying programs and campaigns to protect students from being threatened or victimized by such offense. More so ,teachers should be oriented and trained in handling bullying cases and executing teaching strategies to address and reduce bullying cases in class. Also, schools should conduct student empowerment activities that can be engaged in by students, including the bullies to divert their attention and energy into something worthwhile and engagements that they can be busy about. Cybercrime Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried out using computers or the Internet. Cybercrime uses tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and social engineering to break the law .

13. Exploring the Internet: Researching and Evaluating the Web The Internet is a global communication network that allows computers to exchange and share information worldwide. It makes possible for people around the world to connect and share ideas across time zones and geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is such a large realm, sometimes it is difficult to find the needed information. So, the most effective way to explore the Internet is to have strategies in place for doing research on the Web and for evaluating the websites.. Commonly, this is important among schools in doing researches and other related works. Therefore, this aspect needs to be explored by teachers and students in doing their works .Surfing the Web. The following are the three key factors in surfing the web. Most surfing sessions start with the user-targeted keywords about the subject into a search engine. 2. Good strategies for searching the Web include writing research questions; extracting keywords from the questions and typing them into a search engine using synonyms if the keywords do not bring up desired results; keeping track of keywords and synonyms used; and recording the results of search. 3. Always be cautious about the information shared online and in visiting websites. Assessing credibility. Different websites accessible on the Web can make the job of researchers very challenging. Carefully evaluate the information searched online. Consider the credibility, or trustworthiness and reliability of the content before taking it. There are two types of websites: informational and commercial. Informational websites usually strive to offer credible content to users, while commercial websites present inaccurate information in order to see something. Checklist of credibility criteria. The first step in evaluating the credibility of websites is to review several important aspects of the site. Author. Check the credentials of the author, the company or the expert and determine the qualifications to provide information on the subject being researched. Some websites do not list specific authors, but the credibility of a company can be explored by reviewing the site’s ‘’About’’ page, if available. 2. Date. Look for copyright information at the bottom of a website’s home page. If the site is more than a few years old and it has not been updated regularly, look for more up-to-date information. 3. Purpose. Analyze the goals of the website to determine if it is an informational or an advertisement site. 4. Contact. Most credible websites list down contact information, such as telephone number, email address, or mailing address so that users may get in touch if they have questions. 5. Fact vs. Opinion. When doing research for a school paper, go to sites that present factual information provided by experts, rather than opinions. Be on the lookout for biases, too. If the author is biased, so as the information on the site.6. URL. The URL may look like ending in . edu (for education), . gov (for government), .org(for organization), .com (for commercial sites), or .net (for network sites). Different websites have different URLs. To help determine a site’s credibility, determine if that is a personal website or blog, a government website, or other types of website. Common credible URLS. One way of determining the credibility of a website is through the URLs. Although a website’s URL gives clues as to credibility, there is still a need to evaluate it carefully. When encountering a URL, look at the letters that appear after the ‘’dot’’ (i.e.www.whitehouse.gov.) and that is called top-level domain. Thus, the URL’s top-level domain helps in determining site’s credibility. 2. Websites ending in . gov are government-related websites, which generally, can be trusted to provide credible statistical information, articles on many different topics and government now 3. Websites ending in . edu are the websites of educational institutions, such as colleges and universities that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially about the school’s operations and research. Since students may create websites with an . edu top-level domain, but they may contain inaccurate or biased information. 4. Websites ending in .org are the websites of organizations. While many organizations, especially non-profit ones, provide credible information, they may sometimes have advertising intent. Since some organizations show bias in their provided information, so evaluate .org sites carefully Recognition of information sources. Similar to the information in print sources, the use of online sources must be given credit to the authors. This can be done by applying proper referencing and citation procedures that would get rid of risks, consequences and legal implications because of the copyright issue, which means that the ideas and words used belong to the author

14. Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a citation. Proper citation must be applied or included for every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper, or a book .Online sources are cited differently because they are different from traditional print sources. There are different formats used to cite the sources. Author/Source Year Article Title Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a citation. Proper citation must be applied or included for every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper, or a book. Online sources are cited differently because they are different from traditional print sources. There are different formats used to cite the sources. Author/Source Year Article Title Transparency International (2014). Corruption perceptions index 2014: Results. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results , July 17, 2019 Websites URL Retrieval Date

15. T o note: The easiest way to create citation of sources is to go to wwwcitationmachine.net. This website generates citations that can be copied and pasted into the Works Cited page.) Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is becoming stronger and powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other forms of report and paper works. This has also corresponding legal implications once not processed immediately and properly. It involves uploading of pictures, designs, graphics, concepts/ideas, frameworks, art work, data, and other information that are copyrighted without the consent of the author or the source. These are commonly observed in schools. The following are practical techniques in responding to data privacy issues. When getting data, put proper citation and source acknowledgment (e.g. Source: National Statistics Office, 2019). 2. When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put acknowledgment ( e.g.Photo credits to PhilPost , 2019). But if possible to have personal pictures taken with your original concept. Although, there is still a need to seek the consent of those in the pictures. 3. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the author, and wait for his/her response. 4. However, if the data and information are for public domain, just acknowledging/citing the author or the source will do. 5. If the author doesn’t really want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article, learn the value of respect, anyway that is his/her property. The author’s disapproval usually manifests through difficulty in downloading the file, some tricky signs that appear onscreen, or direct statement or notice of disapproval contained in the file.

16. Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students don’t mean to plagiarize, but they end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware or unclear about it. The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should know. Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copying another work (word-for-word) without any change and claim as his/her own work. 2. Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting information from various sources and mixing all together as a single document then, claiming the work as their own work. 3. Ctrl+C Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text copied from any single source without any alteration in a written document. 4. Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source documents are copied and arranged as anew document without citation 5 . Find- Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most common keywords and phrases in the copied content but not making any changes in the essential. 6. Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self-plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing from one’s own previous document without proper citation. 7. Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than one source and all are mixed together without proper citation.

17. . 8. 404 Error Plagiarism. Here, a person creates a document by copying from various sources prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate or leads to non-existing resources. 9. Aggregator Plagiarism. Here, the written document includes proper citation but it does not contain original work. 10. Re-Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents look perfect with properly cited mark but still, the document resembles somewhere the original text’s structure or wordings. Tips to Avoid Plagiarism Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid plagiarism that teachers, researchers and students should know. Read and understand the original document several times before start explaining about it. 2. Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document. 3. Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website, video, etc.). 4. In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL in the reference. 5. Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any modification. 6. Make a practice to include the ‘’references’’ section whenever you write an academic document. 7. Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document. 8. Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality of the written document

18. How to Evaluate a Website Morris (2018) suggests ways on evaluating a website as reference in research. Open the site. When looking through Google search results, open sites in new tabs, leaves each results in a tab for easy access later (e.g. right-click on the title and click ‘’Open link in new tab’’). 2. Skim read. Determine whether you can read and understand the text. If it is too complicated or difficult to understand, find another website that may provide the Information you need 3. Look for the answer to your question. Find out if the information on the site actually answers your question. You can use a search box, navigation menu, or pull up your own search box by pressing Control/Command F and type in the keywords you are searching for. 4. Consider the credibility of the author or website. You need to consider the credibility of the author or website by considering the following: (1) Domain- domains that include.gov or.edu are trustworthy sources; (2) Author’s information- look at the author’s bio or About page regarding the qualification of the author; (3) Design- avoid sites that are cluttered and difficult to navigate; and (4) Sources- trustworthy articles usually link to other sources or cite where their facts come from. 5. Consider the purpose of the site. Think about the purpose and whether it meets your needs. 6. Look for the date. Consider whether the information is current enough for your topic .You can look for the date when the article was written or last updated. Sometimes, URLs also include dates. (http://www.kathleenamorris.com/

19. Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher-order thinking and construction of meaning in the classroom. . Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons. Use Promethean and Smart Notebook with the teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of designing your own. 2. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages related to their learning. 3. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students. 4. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories. 5.Set-up s blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly discussion questions for students to respond. 6. Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific experiments and expose students to video editing software to create video production of learning. 7. Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well to show case learning and why others do not. 8. Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important as the message itself. 9. Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs, projects, messages and photo-documents of group activities and investigations online. 10. Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks for Google search, dictionary Apps, YouTube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class to complement their learning, especially during group works and concept reporting. Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families and friends.

20. Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families and friends. Integrating digital literacy in the classroom can bring a positive impact on students’ learning as evidenced by the following: It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use with various technological mediums. 2. It reaches students of various learning styles and multiple intelligence. 3. It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of their personalities and learning needs/styles. 4. It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning. 5. It enables students to share their learning with teachers, families and friends. 6. It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably increase the job skills needed in the workforce