Pedagogy of science

Its about various elements and tools of science teaching we call as pedagogy

1. Your attention is valuable Subject of discussion is Pedagogy of Science

2. What is Science Science is study of Existence (Does God exist?) What exists ? and what not? How it exists ? and how it does not? Why it exists? And Why it could not?

3. Some more questions Why clouds are black, when rain? Which of the light is fastest among the seven colors? Why we have two eyes instead of only one? what will be the resulting resultant color if red and yellow color lights are mixed? Why a helicopter can be stationary, but not an aeroplane ? Why resultant of vectors in a closed figure is zero? Why current is taken as opposite to the movement of electron? Why goggles are usually black?

4. Philosophy of Science Paradigms or Assumptions- based on Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology, Ethics, fundamental model, scheme, Methodology, Worldview, Foundations, Implications, Scope and limitations.

5. Psychology of Science What is thinking? and how it develops? (Psychologist's issue)-Cognitive and Generalized How I should teach and which method would be better? (Teacher/Educationist’s issue)-Applied, Domain specific Evaluating parameters of scientific knowledge How to deliver and fix scientific knowledge in learners’ mind Choice of Pedagogical tools, TLM for encouraging and visualizing scientific knowledge But both ere studied in isolation, secondly from point of view of adults rather than child. Methods and techniques developed are efficiency directed rather than competency oriented

6. Pedagogy includes Art of teaching or making things learn. Pedagogy revolves around planning, delivering and evaluation of the subject matter resulting in behavioral change of the learner. It is a recipe which includes- Teaching strategies Teaching approaches Teaching methods Teaching models Teaching behaviours Teaching styles Teaching devices Teaching skills- process & attitude Teaching aids All are basically dichotomized in as learner oriented vs. teacher oriented sometime content or purpose oriented

7. Pedagogy and Teaching Teaching affects the whole behaviour of the child by virtue of enhancing cognitive store, making him aware of affective store and improving conative store. Teaching should result in acquisition of Knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is movement from receiving to internalization to automatization Content is delivered effectively to the learner’s mind by virtue of Pedagogy.

8. Pedagogical Content Knowledge Generalized and Specific pedagogical knowledge Knowledge of the discipline Effective subject teaching Pedagogical content knowledge

9. Strategies Strategy is the art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the army. If strategy is good, we can get victory over our enemies. In teaching this term is meant set of decisions to chose an approach, method, techniques and procedures by which objectives of teaching are realized in the class . “It is mental model in our head to attain the objective”

10. Some Strategies Strategies are decided by content/curriculum/substance, can be Explanatory Exploratory Confirmatory Constructivism Experiential Metacognition Flip classroom

11. Teaching approaches It is the ideology ( Philosophy) based game plan with start point , endpoint and transition points in between, all clearly laid out as a process or procedure. Basically divided in to three forms- teacher centered, child centered and content/objective centered or two ways – Product and process centered. Specific strategies are Objective based instruction Differentiated instruction (Individualized) Integrated learning Evidence based teaching Brain based teaching Open ended instruction Inquiry learning (5 E i.e. Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate and Evaluate) Co-operative learning Peer-teaching Inductive-deductive

12. Teaching methods A series of related and progressive acts performed by teachers and students for systematic presentation of a contents based upon a selected approach Lecture method Discussion method Demonstration method Laboratory method Project method Heuristic method Problem solving method

13. Teaching Techniques (Tricks) Techniques are the specific activities manifested in the classroom that are consistent with a method and therefore in harmony with an approach as well. It is also referred to a task or activity leading to skillful execution of plans. Similarities and differences, classification Examples and illustrations Grouping Concept mapping Summarizing, elaboration, note taking, mind mapping Recognition Hypotheses setting and testing Cognitive acceleration Mnemonics Observation Criticizing

14. Teaching Models A form of prescriptive and planned teaching Information processing models Personal Models Social interaction models Behaviour modification models

15. Information Processors Models Developers Inductive thinking model Hilda Taba Concept attainment model Jerome Bruner Mnemonics model Michael Pressley Advance Organizers model David Ausubel Inquiry training model Richard Suchman Synectic William J J Gordon

16. Personal Models Model Developer Non-directive Teaching model Carl Rogers Enhancing self-esteem model Abraham Maslow

17. Social interaction models Model Developer/s Partners in learning positive interdependence David Johnson, Roger Johnson Structured inquiry Robert Slavin Group investigation John Dewey, Herbert Thelan Role playing Fannie Shaftel Jurisprudential Inquiry Donald Oliver, James Shaver

18. Behaviour Modification Model Model Developer/s Mastery learning Benjamin Bloom, James Block Direct Instruction Tom Good, Jere Brophy ,……. Simulation Carl Smith, Mary Smith Social learning Albert bandura Programmed schedule B F Skinner

19. Matching learning and teaching styles Learning style is a preference; the way we perceive and process things the best Visual vs. Verbal or Aural or Auditory ƒTactile vs. Kinesthetic ƒActive vs. reflective ƒSensing vs. intuitive ƒSequential vs. global Field dependent vs. field independent Teaching styles Direct Indirect Discussion Cooperative Delegator Nurture Self-directed

20. Teaching skills Planning skills Writing instructional objectives Choosing method, activities, techniques, TLM etc. Presentation skills Introduction Fluency in questioning Probing questioning Stimulus variation Explaining Reinforcement Using Black board Pupil participation ICT skills Closure, Evaluation and Managerial skills Classroom management Achieving closure Recognizing attending behaviour Evaluation

21. Teaching Devices Lecturing Narration Exposition (explanation) Description Translation Paraphrasing Anecdote Symbolism Pause Questioning Answering Illustration Home work Drill Review

22. Teaching Behaviors Welcoming, accepting ideas Aware of learning needs of the learner Aware of learning intentions Monitor learning and feedback Builds relation and faith Interaction Conducts oneself well Creates learning challenges Competitive, Cooperative and Individualistic

23. Teaching Maxims Known to unknown Concrete to abstract Simple to complex Psychological to logical Definite to indefinite Empirical to rational

24. Teaching Aids Auditory, Visual, Audio-visual Projected vs. non-projected Hardware vs. software Optical vs. non-optical Interactive board Electronic aids including TV, Video, Edu -sat, Computers and mobiles Activity Outdoor activities Web Miscellaneous

25. Thanks For Your Kind Attention Dr. Vijay Grover DAV College of Education, Abohar, Punjab Email: [email protected]