penicillin

ppt

1. ANTIBIOTICS PENICILLINS By T.BARKATHUN NISHA R.LAANN SWICK B.SURIYA KALA DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BON SECOURS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY CLASSIFICATION PROPERTIES PRODUCTION PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES QUESTION TIME PENICILLIN MANUFACTURES &SUPPLIERS RESEARCH ON GOING CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION Penicillin is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria, which is used an antibiotic . ‘Antibiotic’ literally means ‘ against life ’ – but antibiotics only kill life that is harmful to living creatures , i.e. bacteria . A bacterial infection is caused by millions of tiny bacteria that are trying to survive and in multiply the body . An antibiotic attacks and kill these bacteria . Before the development of penicillin , many people suffered and died from bacterial infections that are no longer considered dangerous today .

4. PENICILLIUM

5. HISTORY 1928 – ALEXANDER FLEMING Bread mold ( penicillium notatum ) growing on petri dish 1939 – FLOREY , Chain, and Associates Began work on isolating and synthesizing large amounts of penicillin. 1941 – introduced in antibacterial therapy 1944 – penicillin has been at the disposal of all people

6. History ALEXANDER FLEMING

7. PROPERTIES Optically active. Soluble in water. Acid resistant. Hydrolyzed by hot inorganic acid . Effective in treatment of respiratory track infection .

8. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PENICILLIN BY Penicillium chrysogenum

9. MODE OF ACTION : NAM-N ACETYL MURAMIC ACID NAG-N ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE

10. CLASSIFICATION 1.Natural penicillin's 2.Beta lactase resistant penicillin's 3.Aminopenicillins penicillin G Penicillin VK Methicillin nafcillin Ampicillin amoxicillin

11. 4.carboxypenicillins 5.Ureidopenicillins 6.penicillin/inihibitor combination Carcenicillin ticarcillin Mezlocillin piperacillin Ampicillin/sulbactam Ticarcillin/clavulanate

12. PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN The industrial production of penicillin as broadly classified in to two processes namely , Upstream process Downstream process

13. Upstream processing Upstream processing encompasses any technology that leads to the synthesis of a product . Upstream includes = the exploration = development = production

14. Downstream processing The extraction and purification of a biotechnological product from fermentation is referred to as downstream processing.

15. Culture methods The fungus can be cultured in two methods ,namely Surface culture method Submerged culture method

16. Surface culture method In surface culture method ,the fungus is cultured on the surface of a liquid medium without agitation. After an appropriate incubation period ,the penicillin is extracted from the medium . This is an old method .

17. Submerged culture method In submerged culture method ,the fungus is grow in a liquid medium which is vigorously aerated and agitated. After an appropriate incubation period ,the penicillin is separated from the medium . Today penicillin is produced by the submerged method .

18. Production process medium fermentation centrifugation filtration Solvent extraction precipitation crystallization

19. Media formulation Ph6.5 Temperature 20-24c Oxygen Nitrogen (corn steep liquor 8.5%) Glucose 1% (preferred for penicillium notatum) 80% ethanol Phenyl acetic acid Probenecid

20. Lactose 1% Calcium carbonate 1% Sodium hydrogen phosphate 0.4% Antifoaming agent : Vegetable oil

21. Heat sterilization 121 degree celcius at 30 psi (pounds per square inch). For high temperature short time for sterilization is used to minimize the degradation of certain components of media.

22. FERMENTATION Usually done by fed-batch mode High amount of glucose result in low yield of Penicillin. Temperature : 20 to 24 c pH : 6.0 to 6.5 units Pressure : 1.02 atmosphere (higher than atmospheric pressure to prevent contamination )

23. Fermentation: Sparging of air provided for providing sufficient oxygen required for cell viability. IMPELLER: Rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of fluid. Used to mix culture throughout the medium Fungal cells are hardy Hence handled at rotation speed around 200rpm FERMENTORS

24. SEED CULTURE: First done in lab by adding penicillium spores to the liquid medium . After growth , inoculated into the fermentor . In some cases spores are directly inoculated into the fermentor . Spore: produced during stress condition

25. FILTERATION: Rotary vaccum filter is used for large scale production. To remove biomass such as fungus, other impurities from the medium. Phosphoric acid is added pH become 8.5 This can leads to the loss of penicillin activity. Thus pH is maintained at 6.0 to 6.5. ROTARY VACCUM FILTER

26. Addition of solvents : AMYL ACETATE or BUTYL ACETATE is added to dissolve penicillin in filtrate. Now, penicillin is present in the form of solution. Other solids are considered as wastes.

27. CENTRIFUGAL EXTRACTION: Tubular bowl or chamber bowl centrifuge is used. To separate solid waste from liquid component which contains the penicillin. Supernatent is transferred to downstream process.

28. EXTRACTION PENICILLIN + ACETATE SOLUTION 1.Phosphate buffer 2.Chloroform solution 3.Again phosphate buffer 4.Ether solution Mixed with

29. Penicillin is present in high concentration in ether solution ETHER SOLUTION CONTAINING PENICILLIN Mixed with SODIUM BICARBONATE Penicillin sodium salt BASKET CENTRIFUGATION Solids are easily removed by basket centrifugation. Penicillin salt is in stable powdered form at room temperature . Basket centrifuge

30. Fluid bed drying: To remove the moisture present in the penicillin salt. Hot gas is pumped from the base of the chamber. Powdered salt is contained in a vaccum chamber. Results in dried form of penicillin.

31. Storage: Stored in containers in dried environment. Then packaged into Liquid penicillin Penicillin in pills

32. process Medium (corn steep liquor lactose starter culture Yeast extract (penicillium) pHbuffers minerals ) batch fermenter (10 times in 6 days to remove 30% culture add 30% fresh medium )

33. rotating filter filtrate fungal cells Dissolve in butyl acetate animal feed Potassium ions added to Precipitate salt of penicillin Wash, filter and dry 99.55% pure penicillin

34. ADVANTAGES Have excellent tissue penetration . Bactericidal against sensitive strains. Relatively nontoxic. Efficacious in the treatment of infections . Inexpensive in comparision with other antibiotics. Newer penicillin’s are resistant to stomach acid , such as penicillin V or a broader spectrum ,such as ampicillin and amoxicillin.

35. DISADVANTAGES Acid liability – most of these drugs are destroyed by gastric acid. Lack of activity against most gram negative organisms . Short duration of action. Many patients experience GI upset. Painful if given intramuscularly.

36. QUESTION TIME Why penicillin injection is used ? penicillins are a certain collection of antibiotics that eliminate infection causing bacteria. they are used in the treatment or prevention of many different bacterial infections ,usually caused by gram positive organisms.

37. What are the side effects of penicillin? fast or irregular breathing fever joint pain puffiness or swelling around the face red ,scaly skin shortness of breath skin rash, hives ,itching

38. What formulations of penicillin antibiotics are available ? tablets capsules powder for oral suspension powder for injection

39. Are penicillin antibiotics safe to take during in pregnancy? penicillin antibiotics are considered safe to use during pregnancy.

40. What happens if overdose? Seek emergency medical attention . Symptoms : Skin rash Less urination Seizure (black out or convulsions)

41. What happens if you miss a dose ? Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Do not take extra medicine.

42. Penicillin manufactures &suppliers Servo care life sciences pvt.ltd. (Chandigarh, India) Karan health care private limited (New Delhi, India) Alchemy medicine pvt.ltd. (Gurgaon,India) Medicare remedies private limited (Navy Mumbai, India)

43. RESEARCH NEWS Research supports re-introduction of penicillin type antibiotics as adjunct therapeutic for MRSA infections. (Medical research published on 2016,november) CONCLUDE: AMR(anti microbial resistance)is one of the greatest current threats to human health.

44. CONCLUSION Patients with a history of penicillin allergy should be skin tested. more than 80% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy will have negative skin tests. Allergic reactions observed in the re treatment of history positive ,skin test negative patients have virtually all been mild and self limited; No life threatening false negative reactions have been reported.

45. THANK YOU!