People as resources ln 02 {ppt} class 07

sst

1. Chapter-2 Economics People as Resource

2. Introduction Economic activities of men and women Quality of Population Unemployment

3. Overview Population- asset for the economy-rather than a liability ‘People as resource’ refers to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

4. The Positive side of a large population- Often overlooked The negative side- Problems of providing –food education and access to health facilities Investment in Human Capital (through education, training, medical-care) –yields a return-like investment in physical capital.

5. Other Resources Population also is a resources - A Human Resources When the existing ‘Human Resources’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘Human Capital Formation’ that adds to the productive power of the country just like ‘Physical Capital Formation’.

6. Facts Not only educated and the healthier people gain through higher income, society-gains in other indirect ways- because the advantages of a more educated or healthier population spreads-were not directly educated or given health care. Human Capital is one way superior to other resources. Investment in human resources -give high rates of return in the future. Educated parents-found to invest more heavily- education of their child.

7. Countries like Japan, have invested in Human resources. They did not have any natural resources. These countries are developed/rich countries. They import the natural resource needed in their country. How did they become rich/developed? They have invested on people especially in the field of education and health. These people have made efficient use of other resource like land and capital. Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries rich/ developed.

8. Economics activities by Men and Women People have been engaged in various activities. The various activities have been classified into three main sectors.

9. Based on the picture can you classify these activities into three sectors?

10. Types of Economic Activities Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector

11. Primary Activities The Primary Sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The Primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture(both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering and fishing The packaging and processing of the raw material associate with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector. In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are involved in the Primary sector.

12. Secondary Activities The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottles, construction and shipbuilding.

13. Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and weaving of cloth is included in the Secondary Sector.

14. Tertiary Activities The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment(movies, television, radio, music, theatre, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare and law. In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary sector.

15. These (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) activities add value to the National Income. These activities are called economic activities or Market activities.

16. Economic Activities have two parts: Economic Activities Non-Economic Activities

17. Market Activities Non-Market Activities 1. Market activities involve the remuneration paid to anyone who performs an activity for earning profit or pay. Non-Market activities are those where production is for self-consumption. 2. Include production of goods and services, including government service. 2. These activities can be for consumption and processing of primary products for one’s own self. 3. It gets you profit. 3. It doesn’t get you any profit.

18. Education There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls. There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district. Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills. The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs. 151 crore in the first five year plan to Rs.3766.90 crore in the 11 th five year plan.

19. The expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64% in 1951-52 to 3.0% in 2015-16. The literacy rate have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11. Literacy is not only a right , it is also needed if the citizens are to perform their duties and enjoy their rights properly. However, a vast difference is noticed across different sections of the population. Literacy among males is nearly 16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in Urban areas as compared to rural areas.

20. Due to constant efforts, the literacy rate has grown from 18% in 1951 to more than 70% in 2011. Literacy rate is higher among males compared to among females. Kerala is a state with more than 90% literacy, while some states have a very low literacy level.

21. Government has recently launched Sarva Siksha Abhiyan to spread education to remotest parts of the country. Under this programme, all children under 6 to 14 years of age are given elementary education . Along with it, bridge courses and Back-to-school camps have been initiated to increase the enrolment in elementary education. Government also provides Mid-Day Meal in government schools so that children of poor people can attend the school. Mid-Day Meal has helped children from poor family to attend school. It has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.

22. The 12 th plan has focused to raise the country’s Gross Enrolment Ratio(GER) in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years to 25.2% by 2017-18 and to reach the target of 30% by 2020-21. The strategy focuses on increasing access, quality, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology. The plan also focuses on distance education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distance and IT education institutions. The Right to Education Act (RTE) came into force on 1 st April 2010. Some educationists and policy makers believe that, with the passing of this act, SSA has required the necessary legal force for its implementation.

23. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), is an Indian Government of elementary education “in a time bound manner”, as mandated by the 86 th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children of ages 6-14 (estimated to be 205 million in number in 2001) a fundamental right. The programme was pioneered by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

24. Present Goals of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Its goals of 2015 were to: Open new schools in areas which do not have them and to expand existing school infrastructures and maintenance. Address inadequate teacher numbers, and provide training a development for existing teachers. Provide quality elementary education including life skills with a special focus on the education of girls and children with special needs as well as computer education.

25. Infant Mortality Rate(IMR) Infant mortality rate is the death of a child who is come under one year of age. It is measured by number of death of children under one year of age per 1000 live births. Birth Rates It is the number of babies born there for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time. Death Rate It is the number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time.

26. Achievements in Health Sector Increase in the life expectancy Improvement in childcare Increase in longevity of life Reduction in the Infant Mortality Rate Reduction in Malnourishment

27. Gross National Product Gross National Product is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services by the residents of the country in a given time period. National Income National Income is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services produced by a country in a given time period.