Perception

Perception; Helmholtz's Theory; Gestalt Laws; Theory; Principles; Law of Good Continuation; Law of Pragnanz; Law of Similarity; Law of Familiarity; Law of Closure; Law of Figure/Ground; Physical Regularities; Oblique Effect; Semantic Regularities;

1. Perception -Helmholtz’s Theory Of Unconscious Inference -The Gestalt Laws Of Organization -Gestalt Principles - Physical Regularities in Perception - Physical Regularities in Perception

2. Helmholtz proposed a principle called the theory of unconscious inference. It states that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment. Likelihood principle - we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. HELMHOLTZ’S THEORY OF UNCONSCIOUS INFERENCE

3. Look at the following figure:

4. THE GESTALT LAWS OF ORGANIZATION Gestalt (pronounced ge -SHTALT ) is a German word that means roughly means “ shape ”, “ form ”, “ essence ”, or “ whole ”. Gestalt is a psychology term which means "unified whole". It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s.

5. One of the most important theories of perception is the Gestalt Theory. Gestalt Theory “The Whole is different from the sum of its part”. It was developed about 1910 by Max Wertheimer and carry on by Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka at Frankfurt University.

6. Gestalt Principles Law of Good Continuation Law of Pragnanz Law of Similarity Law of Familiarity Law of Closure Law of Figure/Ground

7. LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION It states that - Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object.

8. LAW OF PRAGNANZ Pragnanz is a German word meaning “ good figure ”. It is also called as law of good figure or law of simplicity which states that - Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

9. e.g. The Olympic Flag

10. LAW OF SIMILARITY This law states that - Similar things appear to be grouped together.

11. LAW OF FAMILIARITY This law states that - things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to be grouped together ( Helson , 1933; Hochberg, 1971).

12. LAW OF CLOSURE This law states that - The law of closure captures the idea that when we see incomplete elements in a visual, our brains tend to fill in the gaps and see it as a whole.

13. LAW OF FIGURE/GROUND This law states that - Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision.

14. Physical Regularities in Perception The perceived physical elements of our environment =

15. Oblique Effect Horizontal and Vertical lines are easily perceived.

16. Semantic Regularities in Perception Understanding what is happening in a scene.