Pertemuan 3 Common IoT Communications Technologies.pdf

Pertemuan 3 Common IoT Communications Technologies.pdf

1. Overview of Common IoTCommunications
Technologies

2. Huawei Confidential2
Foreword
⚫CommunicationstechnologiesarethefoundationofnotonlytheInternetofThings(IoT),but
alsoafullyconnectedworld.IftheIoTisalogisticssystemofinformation,then
communicationstechnologiesarethevariousmeansoftransportation.However,regardless
ofthetechnologyadopted,theultimategoalistoconnectdevicestothecloud-based
applications.
⚫Commoncommunicationstechnologiescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:wiredandwireless
communicationstechnologies.Intermsoftheirapplicationsandtechnicalfeatures,the
specificationsofwiredandwirelesstechnologiesvaryconsiderably.

3. Huawei Confidential3
Objectives
Attheendofthiscourse,youwillhaveknowledgeof:
CommonIoTwiredcommunicationtechnologies.
Thetechnicalstandards,features,anddifferencesbetweenvariousshort-rangewireless
communicationstechnologies.
Thecharacteristicsanddevelopingtrendsofcellularmobilecommunicationtechnologies.
ThecharacteristicsofLowPowerWideArea(LPWA)communicationstechnologiesand
distinguishbetweentheirdifferenttypes.

4. Huawei Confidential4
Contents
1.WiredCommunicationsTechnologies
2.WirelessCommunicationsTechnologies

5. Huawei Confidential5
Ethernet
⚫EthernetisthemainLANtechnologyofTCP/IPandisnamedafterthemediumEther,whichtransmitselectromagneticwaves.
⚫AbasestationcanuseoneETHport,twoFE/GEports,ortwoSFPports.ETHindicatesitisastandardEthernet,whichtransmitsdataatthe
rateof10Mbit/s.FEisshortforfastEthernet,whichprovidesatenfoldincreasedtransmissionrateof100Mbit/s,andGEisshortforGigabit
Ethernet,whichprovidesatransmissionrateof1000Mbit/s.SFPportsaregigabitopticalports,whichtransmitdataoveropticalfibers.FE/GE
enableautonegotiationoftransmissionratewiththepeerswitch.
⚫Carriersensemultipleaccesswithcollisiondetection(CSMA/CD)isthecoreEthernettechnology."carriersense"indicatesthedetection
beforetransmission,"multi-access"indicatesthatdatasentfromonesenderisreceivedbymultiplereceivers,and"collisiondetection"
indicatesthedetectionduringtransmission.
R-J45 connector

6. Huawei Confidential6
Introduction and Comparison Between RS-232 and RS-485
Item RS-232 RS-485
Communication
distance
Less than 20 m 1200 m theoretically; 300–500 m in reality
Transmission
mode
Unbalanced transmission mode; single-end
communications
Balanced transmission; differential
transmission
Number of
transceivers
One-to-one communications A maximum of 128 transceivers on the bus
Transmission rate 38.4 Kbit/s 10 Mbit/s

7. Huawei Confidential7
USB
⚫USB,shortforUniversalSerialBus,isaserialbusstandardforconnectingcomputersystemsanddevices.Itisalsoatechnicalspecificationfor
inputandoutputinterfaces.Itiswidelyusedwithinformationcommunicationsproductssuchaspersonalcomputersandmobiledevices,and
itsusehasbeenextendedtorelatedfieldssuchasphotographyequipment,digitalTVs(set-topboxes),andgameconsoles.
⚫BeforeUSBwasdeveloped,thescalabilityofcomputerinterfaceswasinadequatewithlimitedratesduetodevices(suchasthekeyboard,
mouse,modem,printer,andscanner)needingtobeconnectedtodifferentinterfaces(suchasserial/parallelinterfaces),makingitimpossible
foracomputertoprovidesufficientinterfacesforconnections.USBisdesignedforhighspeed,scalability,andease-of-use.
⚫Thelatest-generationUSBisUSB4,withatransmissionrateof40Gbit/s.

8. Huawei Confidential8
M-Bus
⚫M-Bus,shortforMeterBus,isadatabusdesignedforinformationtransmissionofconsumptionmeasuring
instrumentsandcounters.M-Bushasbeenwidelyappliedinbusinessandcollectionofdataonindustrial
energyconsumption.
⚫ThemaximumtransmissiondistanceoftheM-Busis1000m.AstheM-Buscansupplypowertoonsite
devices,nopowercableneedstobeconnected.Thepowersupplycapabilityofthebusis5A,andthecurrent
ofeachnodeneedstobelessthan0.65mA.
⚫TheM-Busnotonlyfulfillstheneedforthenetworkingandremotereadingofutilitymetersbutalsomeets
thespecificrequirementsoftheremoteorbatterypowersupplysystem.ThebustopologyoftheM-Busserial
communicationsmeetstherequirementsoftheutilitymetersforreliableandcost-effectivenetworking.
Hundredsofbackupdevicescanalsobeconnectedwithinadistanceofseveralkilometers.

9. Huawei Confidential9
Power Line Communication
⚫Powerlinecommunication(PLC)referstoamodeofcommunicationinwhichdataandmediasignalsaretransmittedonan
electricalpowercable.WithPLC,highfrequencysignalscontaininginformationareloadedontothecurrent,andtheadapter
receivestheinformationoverthecable,separatesthehigh-frequencysignalsfromcurrent,andthensendsthesignalstoa
computerortelephone.
PLC
Meter reading device
PLC
Meter reading device
PLC
Meter reading device
PLC
Meter reading device
Tele-meter device
management
Tele-meter device
management
Low voltage
electrical power
cable
Base
station
Base
station
TCP/IP
Switch
Communications
server (CS)
Database
Power application software and
network management server
ETH
TCP/IP
Central Station

10. Huawei Confidential10
Comparison of Wired Communications Technologies
Communication
Mode
Characteristics Application Scenario
ETH Comprehensive protocol, universal, cost-effective
Intelligent terminal, video
surveillance
RS-232
One-to-one communications, cost-effective, short
transmission distance
A few instruments, industrial
control
RS-485
Bus topology, cost-effective, strong anti-interference
capability
Industrial instruments, meter
reading
USB
One-to-one communications, universal, fast
transmission
Smart home, office, mobile devices
M-Bus
Designed for meter reading, common twisted-pair
cables, strong anti-interference capability
Industrial energy consumption data
collection
PLC
For power line communication, wide coverage, easy
installation
Power grid transmission, electricity
meter

11. Huawei Confidential11
Contents
1.WiredCommunicationsTechnologies
2.WirelessCommunicationsTechnologies
◼Short-Range Wireless Communications Technologies
▫Cellular Mobile Networks
▫LPWA Communications Technologies
▫Comparison of Wireless Communications Technologies

12. Huawei Confidential12
Short-Range Wireless Communications Technology: Bluetooth
⚫Bluetoothisalarge-capacitywirelessdigitalcommunicationstechnologystandardforexchangingdataovershortdistances.ThelatestBluetooth5.0supportsa
maximumtransmissionrateof3Mbit/sandatransmissiondistanceofabout300meters.Thetechnologyhasbeendividedintotwotypes:BluetoothBasic
Rate/EnhancedDataRate(BR/EDR)andBluetoothlowenergy(BLE).TheBR/EDRtypesupportsonlypoint-to-point(one-to-one)communications,whereastheBLE
typesupportspoint-to-point,broadcast(one-to-many),mesh(many-to-many),andothermodesofcommunications.TheBLEtypeismainlyusedintheIoTfieldto
provideserviceswithhigherperformancethatconsumelittlepowerforsmarthomeappliances.
⚫Advantages:highrates,highsecurity,andlowpowerconsumption
⚫Disadvantages:TheEDRtype,withfewnetworknodes,isnotsuitableformulti-pointdeployment.
Bluetooth
device
Bluetooth
device
Bluetooth
device
Server

13. Huawei Confidential13
Short-Range Wireless Communications Technology: Wi-Fi
⚫Wi-Fienablesanelectronicdevicetoconnecttoawirelesslocalareanetwork(WLAN)usingthe2.4GHzUHFor5GHzSHF
ISMradiofrequencyband.ThelatestWi-Fi6supportsatransmissionrateof9.6Gbit/sandalatencyof20ms.
⚫Advantages:widecoverage,fastdatatransmissionrate
⚫Disadvantages:lowtransmissionsecurity,lowstability,highpowerconsumption,poornetworkingcapability
AP
Master
concentrator
Trunk and hotspot
Device
Wi-Fi deviceWi-Fi deviceWi-Fi device
6
Wi-Fi 6

14. Huawei Confidential15
Short-Range Wireless Communications Technology -ZigBee
⚫ZigBeeisashort-rangewirelesscommunicationstechnologyfeaturinglowpowerconsumption.
⚫Characteristics:shorttransmissiondistance,lowcomplexity,self-organization,lowpower
consumption,andlowdatarate.
Widelyusedinindustrialandsmarthomefields.
ZigBee
Low power
consumption
Two batteries can support the device for 6–
24 months.
Low cost
No patent fee is required and the cost is
about US$2.
Low rate 20–250 Kbit/s
Short distance 10–100 m
Low latency 15–30 ms
Large capacityThe number of nodes theoretically is 254.
High security Three security levels
Grant free 915 MHz, 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz
Easy networking Mesh networking, ad hoc networking
Low compatibilityThe compatibility of different chips is low.
Difficult maintenance
Difficult to maintain due to high networking
flexibility
ZigBee
device
ZigBee
device
ZigBee
device
ZigBeedevice
Master
concentrator
Server

15. Huawei Confidential16
Short-Range Wireless Communications Technology -Z-Wave
⚫Z-WaveisanemergingRF-basedwirelesscommunicationstechnologywithashorttransmissiondistanceandhighreliability
atlowcostsandlittlepowerconsumption.
⚫Advantages:simplestructure,highreliability,lowrates,lowpowerconsumption,lowcosts
⚫Disadvantages:Thestandardisnotopen.ThechipcanonlybeobtainedfromSigmaDesigns.
Z-Wave deviceZ-Wave deviceZ-Wave device
Z-Wave device
Server
Master
concentrator

16. Huawei Confidential17
Comparison of Short-Range Wireless Communications
Technologies
Bluetooth Wi-Fi ZigBee Z-Wave
Frequency band 2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
868 MHz/915 MHz
2.4 GHz
868.42 MHz (Europe)
908.42 MHz (USA)
Transmission
rate
1–3 Mbit/s (24 Mbit/s
over 802.11 links)
802.11b: 11 Mbit/s
802.11g: 54 Mbit/s
802.11n: 600 Mbit/s
802.11ac: 1 Gbit/s
802.11ax: 9.6 Gbit/s
868 MHz: 20 kbit/s
915 MHz: 40 kbit/s
2.4 GHz: 250 kbit/s
9.6 kbit/s or 40 kbit/s
Typical distance 1–300 m 50–100 m 2.4 GHz band: 10–100 m
30 m (indoor) to
100 m (outdoor)
Typical
application
Data exchange between
nearbynodes such as a
mouse, wireless headset,
mobile device, and
computer
WLAN, high-speed Internet
access at home and other
indoor areas
Home automation, building
automation, and remote
control
Smart home appliance,
monitoring and control

17. Huawei Confidential18
Contents
1.WiredCommunicationsTechnologies
2.WirelessCommunicationsTechnologies
▫Short-Range Wireless Communications Technologies
◼Cellular Mobile Networks
▫LPWA Communications Technologies
▫Comparison of Wireless Communications Technologies

18. Huawei Confidential19
Cellular Mobile Networks -2G
⚫GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications(GSM)isthesecond-generationmobilecommunications
technology.ItisastandarddevelopedbytheEuropeanCommitteeforStandardizationin1992.It
incorporatesdigitalcommunicationstechnologiesandaunifiednetworkstandard,whichensures
thequalityofcommunicationsandenablesittodevelopvariousnewservices.Thedatarateof
GSMis9.6kbit/s.
⚫GeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)isamobiledataserviceavailabletoGSMmobilephoneusers.
Itisadatatransmissiontechnologyofthesecond-generationmobilecommunicationsandan
extensionofGSM.GPRSprovidesdataratesof56–114kbit/s.

19. Huawei Confidential20
Cellular Mobile Networks -3G
⚫3Gisthethirdgenerationmobilecommunicationstechnology.Itsupportshigh-speeddata
transmissionandcantransmitvoiceanddatasimultaneouslywitharateofseveral-hundredkbit/s.
3Gisamobilecommunicationsystemthatintegrateswirelesscommunicationsandmultimedia
communicationssuchastheInternet.Currently,3Ghasthreestandards:CDMA2000,WCDMA,and
TD-SCDMA.ThelatestWCDMAtechnologyHSPA+supportsadownlinkrateofupto42Mbit/s.

20. Huawei Confidential21
Cellular Mobile Networks -4G
⚫4Gisthefourth-generationmobilecommunicationstechnology.Itincludestwomodes:LTETDD
andLTEFDD.
⚫Integrating3GandWLAN,4Gcantransmitdata,high-qualityaudio,video,andimagesatahigh
speed.Thedownloadrateof4Gcanexceed100Mbit/s,whichis25timesthespeedofADSL(4
Mbit/s),meetingalmostallusers'requirementsonwirelessservices.Inaddition,4Gcanbe
deployedinareaswherethedigitalsubscriberline(DSL)andcabletelevisionmodemarenot
covered,andthenexpandedtotheentireregion.4Ghasshownnotableadvantages.

21. Huawei Confidential22
LTE UE Categories
⚫TheLTEUEcategoryindicatestheUEaccesscapabilitylevel,inotherwords,thetransmissionratelevelsupportedbyaUE.
Forexample,LTEcategory4indicatesthattheLTEnetworkaccesscapabilityleveloftheUEis4.
Level Downlink Rate (Mbit/s) DL-MIMO Uplink Rate (Mbit/s)
1 10 1 5
2 50 2 25
3 100 2 50
4 150 2 50
5 300 4 75
6 300 2 or 4 50
7 300 2 or 4 150
8 1200 8 600
9 450 2 or 4 50
10 450 2 or 4 100

22. Huawei Confidential23
LTE UE Category 1
⚫UEcategory1supportsadownlinkrateofupto10Mbit/s,enablingIoTdeviceswithlower
powerconsumptionandcoststoconnecttoLTEnetworks.LTEoperatorsaroundtheworld
deployLTEnetworksbasedon3GPPRelease8orlater.Assuch,operatorscansimply
reconfigureparameterstopermittheaccessofUEcategory1withoutneedingtoupgrade
thenetworks.
⚫AlthoughhigherratesaresupportedforUEcategory4orlater,thecostsarerelativelyhigh
fortheIoTindustry.Therefore,usingUEcategory1ismostcost-effective.

23. Huawei Confidential24
Cellular Mobile Networks -5G
⚫Thefifth-generationmobilecommunicationsnetwork,5G'stheoreticalmaximumtransmissionratecanreach10Gbit/s,
whichis100-foldimprovementover4G.With5G,a1GBmoviecanbedownloadedineightseconds.
⚫ITURadiocommunicationSector(ITU-R)definedthreemajor5GapplicationscenariosinJune2015:enhancedMobile
Broadband(eMBB),MassiveMachine-TypeCommunications(mMTC),andultra-reliablelow-latencycommunication
(URLLC),aswellaseightcapabilityspecifications,includingthethroughput,latency,connectiondensity,andspectral
efficiency.
⚫OnJune6,2019,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT)officiallyissued5Gcommerciallicensesto
ChinaTelecom,ChinaMobile,ChinaUnicom,andChinaBroadcast&Television,andannouncedthestartof5G
commercializationonOctober31,2019.

24. Huawei Confidential25
Comparison of Cellular Mobile Network Technologies
2G 3G 4G 5G
Frequency band
Authorized
frequency band
(mainly 900 MHz)
Authorized frequency band
(mainly 900 MHz and 1800
MHz)
Authorized frequency
band
(1800–2600 MHz)
Authorized frequency
band:
C-band,mmWave
Transmission
rate
GSM: 9.6 kbit/s
GPRS: 56–114
kbit/s
TD-SCDMA: 2.8 Mbit/s
CDMA2000: 3.1 Mbit/s
WCDMA: 14.4 Mbit/s
Downlink
Category 6/7: 300 Mbit/s
Category 9/10: 450 Mbit/s
10 Gbit/s
(Balong5000 chips
support a downlink rate
of 4.6 Gbit/s and an
uplink rate of 2.5 Gbit/s)
Typical
application
POS and smart
wearable devices
Vending machines, smart
home appliances
Mobile terminals, video
surveillance
AR, VR, assisted driving,
automated driving, and
telemedicine

25. Huawei Confidential26
Contents
1.WiredCommunicationsTechnologies
2.WirelessCommunicationsTechnologies
▫Short-Range Wireless Communications Technologies
▫Cellular Mobile Networks
◼LPWA Communications Technologies
▫Comparison of Wireless Communications Technologies

26. Huawei Confidential27
LPWA -SigFox
⚫TheSigFoxnetworkusesUltraNarrowBand(UNB)technology.Itstransmissionpowerconsumptionislowand
thedataconnectionisstable.ItsradiolinkusestheunlicensedISMradiofrequencyband.Frequencyusage
variesaccordingtonationallawsandregulations.The868MHzfrequencybandiswidelyusedinEurope,and
the915MHzfrequencybandisusedintheUnitedStates.
⚫Thenetworkadoptsultranarrow-bandmodulationtechnology.Asinglebasestationcantransmitnetwork
messagesoveradistanceofover1000km.EachbasestationsupportsamaximumofonemillionIoTdevices.
⚫SigFoxispreferredforIoTconnectionsasitusesfreefrequencybands,devicesthatconsumelittlepower,and
asimplifiednetworkarchitecture.

27. Huawei Confidential28
LPWA -LoRa
⚫TheLongRange(LoRa)isaphysical-layer-basedtechnologythatimplementsdatacommunications
overnetworks.ItismaintainedandmanagedbytheLoRaAlliance.Thetechnologysupports
bidirectionaldatatransmissionandcomplieswithaseriesofopensourcestandards.Thespecific
solutionfornetworkimplementationiscalledLoRaWAN,whichisdevelopedbySemtechand
supportedbyIBM.TheapplicationofLoRaincludesautomaticmeterreading,smarthome
appliance,buildingautomation,wirelesswarningandsecuritysystems,industrialmonitoringand
control,andremoteirrigationsystems.
⚫LoRausesunlicensedspectrum.

28. Huawei Confidential29
LPWA -NB-IoT
⚫NB-IoTisacellularbasednarrowbandIoT.Itisbuiltonacellularnetworkandrequiresabandwidth
ofonly180kHz.ItcanbedirectlydeployedonlegacyGSM,UMTS,andLTEnetworkstoreduce
deploymentcostsandimplementsmoothupgrades.
⚫NB-IoTisanemergingtechnologywidelyusedforLPWAIoTmarkets.Itfeaturesenhancedcoverage
andwideconnectionswithlowrates,costs,powerconsumption,andtheoptimalarchitecture.
⚫Accordingto3GPPRelease14,NB-IoTsupportsbasestationpositioningandmobilityscenarios
withaspeedlessthan80km/h.

29. Huawei Confidential30
LPWA -eMTC
⚫eMTCisawirelessIoTsolutionproposedbyEricsson.Thesolutiondesignsthesoftfeaturesofthe
wirelessIoTnetworkbasedonLTEaccesstechnology.ItismainlyusedinIoTscenariosthatrequire
lowrates,deepcoverage,lowpowerconsumption,andaconsiderablenumberofconnections.
⚫eMTCfeaturesahigherrate(upto1Mbit/s)andpowerconsumptionandsmallercoverageand
capacitythanNB-IoT.eMTCalsosupportsvoicecommunications.

30. Huawei Confidential31
Comparison of LPWA Technologies
SigFox LoRa NB-IoT eMTC
Frequency
band
Sub-GHz unlicensed
frequency band
Sub-GHz unlicensed
frequency band
Mainly sub-GHz licensed
frequency band
Sub-GHz licensed
frequency band
Transmission
rate
100 bit/s 0.3–5 kbit/s < 250 kbit/s < 1 Mbit/s
Typical distance 1–50 km 1–20 km 1–20 km 2 km
Typical
application
Smart home appliances,
smart electricity meter,
mobile healthcare,
remote monitoring, and
retail
Smart agriculture,
intelligent building, and
logistics tracking
Water meter, parking, pet
tracking, garbage disposal,
smoke alarm, and retail
devices
Shared bicycle, pet
collar, POS, and smart
elevator

31. Huawei Confidential32
Contents
1.WiredCommunicationsTechnologies
2.WirelessCommunicationsTechnologies
▫Short-Range Wireless Communications Technologies
▫Cellular Mobile Networks
▫LPWA Communications Technologies
◼Comparison of Wireless Communications Technologies

32. Huawei Confidential33
Comparison of Wireless Communications Technologies
100 bit/s
200 kbit/s
10 Mbit/s
10 m 1 km 10 km
Coverage
Data Rates
1 Mbit/s
Smart meter reading
Environmental
monitoring
Smart wearables
Intelligent logistics
Elevator guard
Vehicle management
Video surveillance
IoV
Smart healthcare
Small-packet
and short-
range:
Z-Wave/ZigBee
High-rate and
short-range:
Wi-Fi/ Bluetooth
High-rate and
long-range:
4G/5G
Low-rate and
long-range:
2G
Small-packet and ultra-long-range:
LPWA
(NB-IoT, eMTC, LoRa, SigFox)
Medium-rate and
long-range:
3G, LTE UE
category 1

33. Huawei Confidential34
Quiz
1.(Single-Choice) Which of the following communications technologies is a wired
communications technology?
A.5G
B.NB-IoT
C.PLC
D.ZigBee
2.(True or False) All NB-IoT networks are deployed on sub-GHz licensed bands.

34. Huawei Confidential35
Summary
⚫ThisdocumentdescribedcommonIoTcommunicationstechnologies,whichare
dividedintowiredandwirelessones.Wirelesscommunicationstechnologiesare
furtherclassifiedintothreetypes:short-rangewireless,cellularmobile,andLPWA
communicationstechnologies.Thisdocumentalsoprovidedthecharacteristicsand
applicationscenariosofthesecommunicationstechnologiesinvariousaspects.

35. Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Rights Reserved.
The information in this document may contain predictive
statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei
may change the information at any time without notice.
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