Pest of citrus.pptx Identification and Management of the pest

Pest of Horticultural Crops

1. Pest of Citrus Common Name S.N. Family Order 1 Citrus psylla Diaphorina citri Aphalaridae Hemiptera 2 Citrus butterfly Papilio demolious Papilionidae Lepidoptera 3 Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistic citrella Phyllocnistidae Lepidoptera 4 Citrus Black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Aleyrodidae Hemiptera 5 Citrus Mealy Bug Planococcus citri Pseudococcidae Hemiptera 6 Citrus Aphid Toxoptera aurantii Aphididae Hemiptera 7 Citrus thrips Thrips nilgiriensis Thripidae Thysanoptera 8 Scale insects Icerya purchasi   Monophlebidae Hemiptera

2. Identification of pest Nymphs:  Are flattened, oval in shape with orange colour Adult:  Minute insect, shiny black with grey dusting on the body, wings are extending beyond the tip of the abdomen Citrus psylla : Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera : Aphalaridae)

3. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the plants, shoot , buds and injection of toxic saliva Nymphs - are more destructive, crowd on the terminal shoots, buds and tender leaves Excrete honeydew- growth of sooty moulds. Affected plant parts dry and die away It is transmits the "Greening melody" a micoplasma disease in citrus Nature of Damage

4. S.O.: leaf axis No.of Genration:9/year

5. Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts Spraying with systemic insecticides at flush growth periods Spray malathion 0.05% or carbaryl 0.1% Encourage the activities natural enemies such as Syrphids and Chrysopids Spraying with monocrotophos (0.025°/o) during feb -march (spring),May June(before rainy season),and July- aug (after rainy season) Management

6. Citrus butterfly:  Papilio demolious, Identification of pest Larva:  Early stage larva resembles bird dropping. Grown up larva are cylindrical, stout, green and brown lateral bond Adult:  Dark brown swallowtail butterfly with numerous yellow marking.

7. Symptoms of damage Caterpillars prefers on light green tender leaves feeding voraciously and leaving only the mid-ribs. Severe infestation the entire tree gets defoliated

8. S.P.: on Plant S.O.: on tender leaves No .Gen .: 4/year

9. Management : Hand picking of various stages of the pest and their destruction especially in nurseries and new orchards help to suppress the population of the pest. Spraying of quinalphos , carbaryl in severe infestation during April and October. Spraying of neem seed extract (3%) gives high mortality of caterpillars

10. Citrus leaf miner:  Phyllocnistic citrella : Phyllocnistidae :Lepidoptera Identification of pest Eggs:   Are minute, flattened presence on the lower side of the midrib Larvae:  Minute, yellowish or reddish and apodous settled down on the edge of the folded leaves Adult:   Minute moth, black spot at the tip of the fore wing

11. Nature of Damage Damage by mining pest is serious on young leaves. The injured epidermis takes the shape of twisted silver galleries. On older leaves, brownish patches are formed which serve as a infection for citrus canker. The attacked leaves remain on the plants for a considerably long time and the damage gradually spreads to fresh leaves. Photosynthesis is adversely affected, vitality is reduced and there is an appreciable reduction in yield

12. S.O.: Singly on underside of leaves S.P.: Inside the larval mines No. of Gen. 9-13

13. Management Spray of 5% neem extract has been found quite effective and safe. Spraying of phosphamidon @ 1ml/ litre or monocrotophos 1.5ml/l Infected leaves should be collected and burnt

14. Fruit sucking moth:  O. fullonica Identification of pest Larva:   orange blue and yellow spots on velvety dark speckled on the body Adult:   stout moth and orange colored wing Otheris materna :  three black spots on the fore wing 

15. Symptoms of damage Adult pierce the fruit, sucks the juice causing rottening and dropping

16. S.O.: leaves of weeds L.P:20 days P. P: 10 days S.P..: Soil

17. Management Destroy the weed host  Tinospora cardifolia   and  coccules pendules Use light trap or food lure to attract moths Apply smoke to prevent adult moth Bag the fruit with polythene bag (500 gauge) Trap crop – growing tomato crop in orchards to attract the adult moth Poison bait Dilute suspension of fermented molasses and malathion 0.05% (50 EC at 1ml/lit)

18. Citrus Black fly:  Aleurocanthus woglumi   Identification of pest Nymphs:  Are flattened, oval in shape and scale like in appearance Adult:  Minute insect, shiny black with grey dusting on the body. Wings are extending beyond the tip of the abdomen.

19. Symptoms of damage The cell sap is sucked from the leaves - piercing stylet Leaf curling Leaves fall off immaturely Honey dew secrecation Affected trees produce - few blossoms which develop into inspid fruits

20. Life Cycle  Eggs:  Eggs are laid in a spiral pattern on the underside of the leaf. Each female lays two to three egg-spirals during her 10 to 14 day life span. Eggs hatch within seven to 10 days  Nymph:  The first instar is elongate-oval, 3-10 weeks Pupa:  The fourth instar , or so-called pupa case, is ovate and glossy black with a marginal fringe of white wax. 16-22 weeks

21. Management Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts along with nymphs, pupa and adults Spray with 2 ml of chloropyriphos per litre of water The entire plant canopy should be drenched with the solution. Encourage activity of parasitoids,  Encarsia sp .,  Eretomocerus serius  and  chlysoperla sp

22. Mealy bug:  Planoccus citri Identification of pest Eggs:   Are laid in clusters, protective cottony mass Nymphs : Are amber colored with white waxy coating with filaments Adult:  Male is winged, long antenna and without mouth parts .  Female is wingless, flat body and short, waxy filaments along the margins

23. Symptoms of damage Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the cells of tender branches and fruits Turn pale colour Affected plant parts - wilt and dry up Large amounts of honey dew excrete - sooty mould fungus Fungus covers the foliage and fruits In severe infestation the flowers do not form fruits

24. Life cycle: Eggs:  Eggs are deposited as white, cottony masses, called ovisacs , on the trunk and stems of citrus Nymphs take six to 10 weeks to reach maturity. The nymphs are yellow, oval-shaped with red eyes, and covered with white, waxy particles Adults:  Adult size ranges in length from 3 mm (females) to 4.5 mm (males). Female mealybugs are wingless. Females can live for up to 29 days depending on the host plant. males live for one to two days during which they are incapable of feeding.

25. Management Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, twigs and stems Use sticky trap (5cm length) on fruit bearing shoots Spray dichlorvas 0.2% in combination with fish oil rosin soap 25g/lit. Soil treatment with chlorophyriphos apply on the near the tree trunk Spraying of trees with acephate , methomyl , or chlorpyriphos . Field release of Australian lady bird beetle,  Cryptoleamus montrouizeri  10 per tree

26. Adult wingless aphids vary in colour ; some are black, others brownish-black or reddish brown. It is difficult to tell the two species apart in the field;  Black aphid:  Toxoptera aurantii Brown aphid:  Toxoptera citricida

27. Symptoms of damage Feed on tender foliage and flowers Transmit tristeza virus disease. Nymphs and adults suck the sap of leaves Wilting and flower dropping Infested leaves appear cup shaped and crinkled Growth of the plants is hindered

28. Management Use yellow sticky trap Spray with methyl demeton ( Metasystox ) or dimethoate ( Rogar ) 2ml /lit Use some concinellid beetles and syrphid flies

29. Identification of pest Egg:  White, ribbed masses that hold up to 800 red eggs Nymphs:  Are red with black legs and antennae Adults:  Are covered in white hair Cottony cushion scale:  Icerya purchasi  :   Monophlebidae : Hemiptera

30. Symptoms of damage Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves Honey dew excretion Development of sooty mould fungus

31. Management Spray dormant oil in late winter before spring Spray horticultural oil, if needed, year round Apply mixture of manure compost tea, molasses, citrus oil Garlic-pepper tea also helps Natural predators usually keep this insect in check Control ants and dust which can give the scale a competitive advantage Field release of vedalia and Australian ladybugs

32. Citrus thrips :  Thrips nilgiriensis Identification of pest Adult:  Yellowish, fringed wing

33. Symptoms of damage Nymphs and adults lacerate the leaf tissue and suck the sap from fruits. Leaf curling Ring like appearance on the fruit          Irregular mottled patches on rind

34. Management Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts Spraying with systemic insecticides at flush growth periods Spray malathion 0.05% or carbaryl 0.1% Encourage the activities natural enemies such as Syrphids and Chrysopid