Pest risk analysis

PEST RISK ANALYSIS IS VERY IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY QUARANTINE PEST

1. CFIA-ACIA Pest Risk Analysis (PRA ) VINOD UPADHYAY ID.No - 44056

2. Plant Biosecurity is a set of measures designed to protect a crop, crops or a sub-group of crops from plant pests at national, regional and individual farm levels Plant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies that protect the plant health from exotic pests and diseases Threat identification and risk analysis are significant components to plant biosecurity . Plant Biosecurity policies are based on our national and international obligations under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and in particular the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)

3. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The philosophy behind the convention is:- S pread and introduction of pests only preventable if all countries take adequate measures to avoid and control. Countries should establish appropriate infrastructures to protect from new introductions and to control pests in their territory. Countries are able to take quarantine measures that impede trade only if biologically sound and economically justified.

4. Aim of the IPPC Purpose: -To secure common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. - IPPC is the basis for all actions in plant quarantine In existence since 1952 and modified in 1997 to take into account the SPS Agreement (180+ contracting parties)

5. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMS) ISPMS provide guidance to the member countries in implementation national program and fulfilling requirements of the IPPC Are not mandatory –they are guidelines to assist member countries in meeting IPPC obligations which are contained in the convention itself. IPPC is recognized as standard setting body under WTO-SPS

6. ISPM No 2 frame work for pest risk analysis revision for approval by CPM in march 2007 ISPM No 3 guidelines for export ,shipment ,import and release of biological agents and other beneficial organisms 2005 ISPM No 11 pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of enviornmental risk and living modified organisms 2004 ISPM No 21 pest risk analysis for regulated non quarantine pests

7. Organizational Chart Of Indian Plant Quarantine Structure

8. Two kinds of pests in IPPC Quarantine pest: a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there , or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. Regulated non quarantine pest a non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party

9. What is Risk? Combination of likelihood and impact How likely an event is to happen, and how much of an effect it would have. So… If an event cannot occur it cannot have an impact and there is no risk. If an event is likely to occur but it will have no impact then there is no risk.

10. Risk matrix High Medium Low low medium high Likelihood Impact

11. What is PRA? - The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it Pest risk analysis is set of activities, in which- -the probability and the severity of impact of a particular pest is assessed - the means of reducing these are evaluated, and the results of this review are shared with those involved - It helps to ensure that decisions on the control of imports and exports are based on sound science, are related to the risks involved and have minimal impact on trade.

12. Why is PRA done? To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that can be caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities; To evaluate and manage risk from specific pests and internationally traded commodities Identify and assess risks to agricultural and horticultural crops forestry and the environment from plant pests To create lists of regulated pests To produce lists of prohibited plants and plant products To assist in identifying appropriate management options

13. PRA Process Three stages: Stage 1: Initiation Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Step 1: Pest Categorization Step 2: Assessment of the Probability of Introduction •Entry •Establishment •Spread Step 3: Impacts Step 4: Overall Assessment of Risk Step 5: Uncertainty Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

14. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 1: Initiation

15. Initiation Point Pest or pathway for a pest Not a pest Identification of PRA Area End

16. INITIATION

17. Pest identified or detected likely to pose threat to the agricultural economy and it requires Phytosanitary Measures. identification of a pathway that presents a potential pest hazard like augmentation of International Trade of a new variety of a commodity. review or revision of phytosanitary policies and priorities by the Government of a country.

18. Identification of PRA Area - PRA area to be defined normally the whole importing country information gathering is an essential element of all stages of PRA. To clarify the identity of the pest(s), its/their present distribution and association with host plants, commodities, etc. Information for PRA may come from various sources . - Official information regarding pest status is an obligation under the IPPC (Art. VIII.1c) to be provided by the NPPO or Official contact points.

19. At the end of Stage 1, the pests and pathways of concern and the PRA area would have been identified. Relevant information has been collected and pests have been identified as possible target for phytosanitary measures, either individually or in association with a pathway. Conclusion

20. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Stage 2: RISK ASSESSMENT

21. Could be divided into three steps: Pest Categorization B. Assessment of the probability of introduction and spread C. Assessment of potential economic consequences (including environmental impacts).

22. Estimating the Overall Risk Posed by a Quarantine Pest For each pest, combine the likelihood of: - entry/establishment/ spread, and - Consequence of entry/establishment spread: “Extreme” “High” “Moderate” “Low”

23. Step 1 – Pest categorisation Identify quarantine pests Categorise pests (do they occur on the pathway?) Prepare data sheets

24. Step 2 –Probability of entry, establishment and spread of the pest Assess the likelihood of entry of a pest- higher no. of pathway- more probability Assess likelihood of establishment of a pest after entry- reproductive strategy, distribution in PRA area, adaptation, environment suitability Assess spread potential of the pest

25. Step 3 – Potential Economic Importance Include economic ,environmental, and societal impacts Include direct or indirect effect to plants May be qualitative or quantitive measures of impacts

26. Assessment of Economic Consequences.... Impacts on productivity: Yield losses Increased control costs Post-harvest disinfestations Impacts on trade / market access: Domestic International Impacts on the environment Impacts on human health

27. Pest Risk Analysis Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

28. Generate, evaluate and compare management options Select options Monitor and evaluate after implementation

29. Conclusions of Pest risk assessment Risk acceptable? PRA ends Risk unacceptable? PRA continues Stop Identifying options Evaluating options Selecting options

30. Consider all pathways Traded plants or plant products Natural spread of the pest Entry with human travellers Vehicular transport Associated materials Identify points at which mitigation measures might be applied Identify possible mitigation measures at each point Assess each for effectiveness, efficiency, feasibility …. Select appropriate measure(s)

31. Document Phytosanitary Certificates Import permits Phytosanitary Certificates Official assurance that specified import requirements are met Confirms that risk management measures have been taken Only for regulated articles Educate Educate & inform travellers, importers, industry, government or public

32. Evaluating Options Evaluate each option for: Effectiveness Efficiency Cost effectiveness Feasibility Reproducibility Potential negative social, economic or environmental consequences CFIA-ACIA

33. Conclusion of Stage 3 Risk mitigation measures have been: Identified Evaluated Selected Mitigation measures to reduce risk to acceptable level are selected, or No mitigation measures are available

34. Stage 1 (initiation) asks: – What bad thing can happen? – Is it within the scope of the IPPC framework? Stage 2 (pest risk assessment) asks : – How likely is it to happen? – How bad will it be? Does it matter? Is the risk acceptable? Stage 3 (pest risk management) asks: – What can be done about it? – Are measures feasible, effective, appropriate? – Can we lower the risk to an acceptable level? Identify issue Access overall pest risk Respond to risk

35. Documentation Supports the IPPC key principle of transparency Also, the main elements to document are outlined in ISPM No. 11: Purpose of the PRA Pest, pest list, pathways, PRA area, endangered area Sources of information Categorized pest list Conclusion of risk assessment Risk management options identified Options selected

36. Countries from where crop import is Prohibited CROP Countries Cocoa West Indies, Africa, Sri Lanka Coffee Sri Lanka, Africa, South America Rubber America, West indies Sugarcane Fiji, New Guinea, Australia, Philippines

37. India’s priority crops for Pest Risk Analysis strawberry banana Kiwi musk melon watermelon Pears mandarin cashew nut Apple grape citrus fruits Lentil red beans chickpea Jute black gram green gram Cotton wheat rice Barley maize baby corn pearl millet sorghum lettuce Garlic broccoli potato Chinese cabbage mustard sunflower Safflower linseed castor rape seed

38. Invasive alien pests of crop ALIEN SPECIES DISEASE FROM TO Phyloxera vitifolia Root eating aphid Central America France Phytophthora infestans Late blight of potato Europe Central america Uncinula necator Powdery mildew of grapes Central America France Plasmopara viticola Downy mildew of grapes USA France Endothia parasitica Chestnut blight Orient USA Hemileia vastatrix Coffee rust South America Srilanka Dutch elm disease USA Soybean cyst nematode USA Bacterial canker of citrus USA

39. CONCLUSION

40. REFERENCES ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm ISPM 8 Determination of pest status in an area http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm WTO 1995, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Biosecurity Australia, September 2001. Draft guidelines for Import Risk Analysis (Draft) . Devorshak, C. and Griffin, R. (2002). Role and relationship of official and scientific information concerning pest status. In G.J. Hallman and C.P. Scwalbe (eds.) Invasive arthropods in agriculture: problems and solutions. Scientific Publishers, Enfield, NH.