Pests of Mango_Bionomics_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

Mango trees can be affected by various pests that can impact their health and fruit yield. Here are some common pests associated with mangoes:

Mango Hoppers (Idioscopus spp.): These small insects feed on sap, leading to leaf curl and reduced fruit quality.

Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.): They lay eggs inside the fruit, causing it to rot and drop prematurely.

Leafhoppers (Empoasca spp.): They suck sap from the leaves, which can cause yellowing and reduced vigor.

Mealybugs (Planococcus spp.): These pests create a cottony mass on stems and leaves, leading to stunted growth and sooty mold.

Scale Insects (Aonidiella spp.): They attach themselves to stems and leaves, sucking sap and causing decline in tree health.

Termites: They can damage the roots and bark, affecting the tree's stability and health.

Spider Mites: These tiny pests can cause leaf discoloration and webbing, weakening the tree.

Caterpillars (various species): Some caterpillars feed on leaves and fruits, damaging the tree and affecting yield.

Effective management includes regular monitoring, promoting beneficial insects, and using organic or chemical controls when necessary.

1. Pests of Mango
By
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD.
Assistant Professor (Entomology)
JSACAT
Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

2. Mango hoppers, Idioscopusniveosparus, I. clypealis,
Amritodusatkinsoni, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera
1
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Distribution and status: India, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Srilanka, Burma, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Malaysia. Major pest prevalent in the flowering season and devastating in all mango growing areas.
Damagesymptoms
Bothnymphsandadultssuckthesapfromtendershootsand
inflorescenceresultinginwitheringandsheddingofflower
budsandalsowiltinganddryingofshootsandleaves.
Theflowerstalksandleavesininfestedtreesbecomesticky
duetothedepositionofhoney-dewsecretedbythehoppers
thatencouragesthegrowthofblacksootymouldonfoliage
andotherparts.
Thehopperstakeshelterincracksandcrevicesonthebark
duringnon-floweringseason.

3. Eggs are laid in single into the tissues of the young leaves, shoots, flower stalk and
unopened flowers.
Incubation period: 4-7 days. Nymphalperiod: 8-13 days, 5 instars.Life cycle completed in
2-3 weeks.
I. niveosparsus: Three spots
on scutellum and white band
across the wing
I.clypealis: Two spots
on scutellum and dark
spot on the vertex
A. atkinsoni: Two
spots on scutellum
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

4. IPM
•Avoidcloseplanting,astheincidenceverysevereinovercrowdedorchards
•Orchardsmustbekeptcleanbyploughingandremovalofweeds
•Pruningofdensecanopytofacilitateaerationandsunlight
•Avoidexcessuseofnitrogenousfertilizers
•Spraydimethoate30ECormoncrotophos36SL2.5-3.3L,methyldemeton25EC
ormalathion50EC1.5-2.0Lin1500–2000Lofwaterperhaoracephate75SP@1g/L,
[email protected]/L,ornewmoleculeslikebuprofezin25SC1-2ml/Lofwateror
imidacloprid17.8SL2-4ml/treeorlambdacyhalothrin5EC0.5-1.0ml/Lofwaterat10-15L
ofwaterpertree
•Neemoil5ml/litofwatercanbemixedwithanyinsecticideforspray
•Spray3percentneemoilorneemseedkernelpowderextract5percent
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

5. Flower webber,Eublemmaversicolor, Noctuidae,
Lepidoptera
2
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Damagesymptoms
Flowersintheinflorescencearewebbed
togetherbythelarvae,whichremain
insidethesilklinedgalleryandfeed.
Theyalsoboreintotheinflorescence
stalk.
Distribution and status:widely distributed in India.

6. Female has purplish pink or light orange wings with
an apical patch
Adult lays 8 -10 reddish hemispherical
eggs on sepals
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

7. Flower gall midge, Procystiphoramangiferae,
Erosomyiaindica, Dasineuraamaramanjarae,
Cecidomyiidae, Diptera
3
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Distribution and status:Distributed throughout India
Damagesymptoms
Themaggotfeedsonstalksof
stamen,anthers,ovary.
Maggotsattacktheinflorescence
stalk,flowerbudsandsmall
developingfruits.Inflorescence
isstuntedandmalformedand
budsdonotopen.
The adult fly is light orange in colour. It lays eggs inside
the flower buds. The maggots pupates inside the bud
itself. The life cycle is completed in 12-24 days.

8. Fruit fly,Bactroceradorsalis, Tephritidae, Diptera
4
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Damagesymptoms
Themaggotsdestroyandconvertthe
pulpintobadsmelling,discoloured
semiliquidmassunfitforhuman
consumption.Infestationresultsin
fruitdropandliquidoozesoutfrom
thefruituponpressing.
Distribution and Status: India, Pakistan, South-East Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Australia,
China, Hawaii Islands, China and Taiwan.

9. The adult fly is brown or
drakbrown with hyaline
wings and yellow legs
Adult lays up to 200 eggs in a month
in clusters of 2-15 just beneath the
skin of the ripening fruits
The maggot feeds on pulp and become full grown in
about 7 days
It pupates 3-7
inches below
the soil
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

10. Management
Rowinterspacesmaybeploughedtoexposeandkillthesoilbornepuparia.
Theinfestedandfallenfruitsshouldbecarefullydisposedof.
Applyabait-sprayofmalathion50EC@2ml/Lwithmolassesorjaggery(10g/L)
beforeripening.
Maleannihilationtechnique-“Attractandkill”
Setupflytrapusingmethyleugenol.Preparemethyleugenol1ml/Lofwater+1
mlofmalathionsolution.Take10mlofthismixturepertrapandkeepthemat25
differentplacesinonehabetween6and8am.Collectanddestroytheadult
flies.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

11. Mango nut weevil, Sternochaetusmangiferae,
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
5
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Distribution and Status: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia, South Vietnam,
Philippines, East Australia, Africa and Hawaii.
Thegrubtunnelsinazig-zagmannerthrough
thepulpendocarp,seedcoatandfinallyreaches
thecotyledonsanddestroysthem.Asthefruit
developsthetunnelgetclosed.
T–Markinmablesizedfruit
Theadultsthatemergefromthepupaealsofeed
onthedevelopingseedandhastenthematurity
ofinfestedfruit.

12. Adultsstout,6mmlong,
darkbrownincolour.
Lifecyclecompletedin
40-50days.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Adultlayeggssingly
onthemarblesized
fruitsbyscoopingout
thesurfacetissueand
coveringoverwith
transparentsecretion
Grubperiod-20-30daysyellowcreamy
grubapodouswithfivelarvalinstars.
Pupationoccursinsidethenutalong
theconcaveside;pupalperiod7days

13. IPM
Under-sizedfruitsleftonthetreeshouldbepickedanddestroyed.
Undertakegeneralcleanlinessanddestructionoftheweevilsonthebarkduring
AugustIfthetreesarefew,bagthefruitswithclothortrypaperbagsfor
protection.
Collectanddestroythefallenfruitsandstones
Sprayapplicationofmalathion50EC1ml/L;Carbaryl3-4kg(4g/Lofwater)or
Quinalphos3-4L(2ml/Lofwater)in1500-2000LwaterperhainSept-Octonthe
treefirstatmarblestageofthefruitsecondat15daysinterval.
Duringnonfloweringseasondirectspraytowardsthebaseofthetrunk.
Theinfestedbarkshouldbewashedwithkeroseneemulsion.
Spraydeltamethrinspray1.5-2.0L(1ml/Lofwater)in1500-2000Lwaterperha
aftersixweeksoffruitset.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

14. Shoot webber, Orthagaexvinacea, Pyralidae,
Lepidoptera
6
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Distribution and status:Common in South India.
Damagesymptoms
Larvaewebupleavesintoclustersand
feedwithin
Leavessurfacearescrapedandthey
witheranddryup

15. Moth is greyish with
brownish wings and has
wavy lines on fore wings
Adults lays upto30 -50 yellowish green eggs singly near the leaf veins
Caterpillar pale greenish with
brown head and prothoracic
shield
Pupation
occurs in leaf
web
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

16. Management
Remove and destroy the webbed leaves along with
larvae and pupae
Spray carbaryl50 WP at 2.0 L
Conserve predators like
Carabid beetle,Parenalacticincta
Reduvid,Oecamasp
Parasitoid,Hormiusa
Fungus,Paecilomycesfarinosus
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

17. Leaf caterpillar, Bomboteliajacosatrix, Noctuidae,
Lepidoptera
7
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Larvae feeds on tender leaves causing defoliation.Larva is smooth with pink spots on the
body. Pupation takes place in soil and adult moth is dark brown with lower half of the hind
wings white.

18. Leaf caterpillar, Euthaliagaruda, Nymphalidae,
Lepidoptera
8
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Larva green with a yellow line on its back and covered in branching spines

19. 9 Leaf midges, Amradiplosisamaraemyia,
Cecidomyiidae, Diptera
Symptoms of damage
Presence of galls on leaves.
Identification of pest
Maggots –are yellowish
Adult -Tiny mosquito like
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

20. 10 Leaf weevil, Rhynchaenusmangiferae,
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
The insect bred in the inflorescences of
mango, and the larvae attack 40% of
the florets.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

21. 11Red tree ant, Oecophyllasmaragdina, Formicidae,
Hymenoptera
OecophyllacomesfromtheGreekwordfor
"leaf-house".
Buildtheirnestsintreesusingleavesthat
arestitchedtogetherwithsilkproducedby
theirlarvae.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

22. 12Stem borer, Batocerarufomaculata, Cerambycidae,
Coleoptera
Symptomsofdamage
Grubboreinthesapwoodand
makingirregulartunnels.
Feedingthevasculartissues
interruptionofnutrientandwater
transportonthetissue
Frasscomesoutfromseveral
pointsandsometimessapoozes
outoftheholes
Wiltingofbranchesorentiretree
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

23. Management
Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin.
SwabbingCoal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl50 WP 20 g / l
(basal portion of the trunk -3 feet height) after scraping the
loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.
If infestations are severe then apply the copper oxychloride
paste on the trunk of the tree.
One celphostablet (3 g aluminum phosphide) per hole
Apply carbofuran3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

24. 13Leaf miner, Acrocercopssyngramma, Gracillaridae,
Lepidoptera
The epidermal cuticle
swells in the mined area,
appearing as whitish
blisters on the leaf
surface.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

25. 14
Aphid, Toxopteraodinae, Aphididae, Hemiptera
Symptomsofdamage
Reddishbrownaphidssuckthesap
fromleaves,petioleandfruits
Management
Collectanddestroythedamagedplant
partsalongwithnymphsandadults
Dimethoate30ECormethyldemeton
25EC1ml/l
Releasecoccinelidpredators
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

26. 15
Castor slug, Parasalepida, Cochlididae, Lepidoptera
The young larvae feed on the lower
epidermis of the leaf. As they mature,
the whole leaf blade is eaten leaving
the midribs. In heavy infestation, the
larvae may defoliate the palm.
Spraycarbaryl50WP2g/l.
Spraydichlorvos76WSC2ml/lit.
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

27. Leaf twisting weevil, Apoderustranquebaricus,
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
16
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
Distribution and status:India, Burma, Sri Lanka, China, Pakistan, Japan, Indonesia, Korea
ItisactivefromMaytoOctober
Grubcutsacrossaleaffrommarginto
midribnearbase
Leafisthenfoldedlongitudinallyfrom
tipdownwardsandacompactthimble-
shapedstructureisformed
Rollgraduallystartsdryingand
ultimatelyfalldownalongwithpupa

28. Grubs are apodous and pale-yellow in colour,
while pupae are bright yellow
Adults are reddish-brown weevil with head drawn
anteriorly into a long snout and posteriorly into neck.
Adults come out by making a small hole in dried, rolled
mass of leaf.
Eggs are oval in shape and yellow in colour
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

29. 17Whitefly, Aleurocanthusmangiferae, Aleyrodidae,
Hemiptera
Sucks sap from leaves and
tender shoots
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)

30. 18 Scale insect, Chionaspisvitis, Diaspididae,
Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults
desapthe leaves causing
yellowing
Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)