Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry introduction

What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Introduction of Inorganic chemistry
What are Inorganic Compounds ??
Importance of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Inorganic Chemistry ??
Difference between Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry
Definitions

1. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Introduction Prepared by G. Nikitha, M.Pharmacy Assistant Professor Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Sree Dattha Institute Of Pharmacy Hyderabad 1 Subject: Pharmaceutical I norganic Chemistry Year: Pharm -D 1 st Year

2. What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry? Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects of drugs. It includes synthesis/isolation, identification, structural elucidation, structural modification, Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) studies, study of the chemical characteristics, biochemical changes after drug administration and their pharmacological effects. 2

3. Introduction of Inorganic chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the study of all the elements and their compounds except carbon and its compounds (which is studied under organic chemistry). Inorganic chemistry describes the characteristics of substances such as nonliving matter and minerals which are found in the earth except the class of organic compounds. Branches of inorganic chemistry include coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, organometallic compounds and synthetic inorganic chemistry. 3

4. The distinction between the organic and inorganic are not absolute, and there is much overlap, especially in the organometallic chemistry, which has applications in every aspect of the pharmacy, chemical industry–including catalysis in drug synthesis, pigments, surfactants and agriculture. In short, Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with inorganic compounds. In other words, it is the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals. 4

5. What are Inorganic Compounds ?? Importance of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Inorganic Chemistry ?? 5

6. Difference between Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry 6 Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 1. Organic chemistry is the study of molecules that contain carbon   compounds . 1. Inorganic chemistry is the study of all compounds  that do NOT contain carbon compounds. 2. Organic compounds have much lower melting and boiling points 2. I no rganic compounds have much high melting and boiling points 3. organic compounds are less soluble in water 3. I n organic compounds are soluble in water 4. Organic compounds are more inflammable ( more volatile) but are poorer conductors of heat andElectricity . 4. I n organic compounds are less inflammable Good conductors of heat and Electricity. 5. Organic compounds are derived from activities of living organisms 5. inorganic compounds are formed due to natural processes or are made in lab.

7. 7 Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 6. Organic compounds always contain carbon 6. Inorganic compounds contain metal and other elements. 7. Carbon-Hydrogen bonds are the characteristic of organic compounds 7. Carbon-Hydrogen bonds are not found in inorganic compounds 8. Organic compounds do not contain metal atoms. 8. Inorganic compounds contain metal atoms 9. organic compounds are biological in nature. 9. Inorganic compounds are mineral 10. Organic compounds can be a source of energy for living things. 10. inorganic compounds are catalysts .

8. Definitions 8

9. 1. Abrasives: Drugs which are used for the cleaning and whitening of teeth. Example: Dibasic calcium phosphate. 2. Absorbents: Drugs which are used to absorb the toxins and bacteria in the GIT. Example: Calcium carbonate. 3. Acidifiers: Drugs which are used to enhance the acidity temporarily in GIT. Example: Dilute hydrochloric acid. 4. Adsorbents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of mild dysentery or diarrhoea or other disturbances of GIT due to their ability to adsorb gases, toxins, and bacteria. Example: Bismuth subcarbonate , Bismuth subnitrate . 5. Alkalizers : Drugs which are used to induce the alkaline condition or used in acidic condition of body. Example: Sodium citrate. 6. Anaesthetics : Drugs which are used to produce reversible loss of sensation. Example: Nitrous oxide. 7. Analgesic: Drugs which are used to relieve pain. 9

10. 8. Antacids: These are drugs which are usually alkaline substances, used for neutralizing excess acid in the stomach. Example: Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate. 9. Anthelmintics : Compounds used for the treatment of worm infestations or schistosomiasis . Example: Ammoniated mercury, Sodium antimony tartarate. 10. Antibacterial: Drugs which are used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Example: Yellow mercuric oxide (ophthalmic). 11. Anticonvulsants: Drugs which are used for the treatment of epilepsy. Example: Potassium bromide. 12. Anti coagulants: Drugs which are used to prevent blood clotting. Example: Sodium citrate. 13. Anti depressants: Drugs which are used in the treatment of depression. Example: Lithium carbonate. 14. Antidotes: Drugs which are used in the treatment of poison. 10

11. 15. Antifebriles : Drugs which are used to relieve pain or reduce fever. Example: Ammonium acetate. 16. Antifungal agents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of fungal infections. Example: Zinc undecylenate (topical use), Potassium iodide. 17. Antihypercalcemic agents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of abnormal calcium concentration in the body. Example: Sodium acid phosphate. 18. Anti infectives : Drugs which are used in the treatment of local infections. Example: Potassium permanganate, Silver nitrate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric acid. 19. Anti inflammatory agents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of inflammatory pain (Rheumatoid arthritis). Example: Sodium aurothiomalate . 20. Anti irritant agents: Drugs which are used to prevent irritation or allergic reactions. Example: Aluminium metal powder. 11

12. 20. Anti irritant agents: Drugs which are used to prevent irritation or allergic reactions. Example: Aluminium metal powder. 21.Antiseptics: Drugs which are used to inhibit the growth and development of micro organism without killing. Example: Strong iodine solution. 22.Antiperspirants: Drugs which are used to remove the bad odour in body. Example: Aluminium sulphate. 23.Anti-protozoals: Drugs which are used in the treatment of protozoal infections or Leishmaniasis . Example: Sodium antimony gluconate . 24. Anti pruritics (topical): Drugs which are used in the production of soothing effect in the skin. Example: Calamine. 25. Anti rheumatics: Drugs which are used in the treatment of rheumatism. Example: Sodium aurothiomalate . 12

13. 26. Anti thyroids: Drugs which are used in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis . Example: Potassium perchlorate . 27. Anti tumor agents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of cancer. Example: Cisplatin (Testicular and ovarian cancer). 28. Anti schistosomal agents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of schistosomiasis . Example: Sodium antimony tartrate . 29. Antioxidants: Substances that prevents or delays oxidation. Some formulations, vegetable oils and prepared foods contain antioxidants. Example: Sodium bisulphate, sodium metabisulphite , sodium sulphite . 30. Astringents: These are the substances which bring about protein precipitation. Astringent action is evidenced by contraction and wrinkling of tissue and by blanching. Example: Calamine, Aluminium citrate. 13

14. 31. Bactericides: Drugs which are used to kill bacteria. Example: Potassium permanganate. 32. Bacteriostatics : Drugs which are used to prevent the growth of bacteria. Example: Alum, borax (local bacteriostatic ). 33. Bleaching agents: Drugs which are used in the cleansing of wounds or bleaching. Example: Hydrogen peroxide. Buffers: Substance which prevents the change in pH upon addition of acid or base. Example: Acetate buffer (pH – 3.9), Sodium citrate buffer. 34. Calcium supplements: Drugs which are used as a calcium source. Example: Calcium lactate, Calcium gluconate . 35. Cathartics: Drugs which are used to enhance defecation, removes constipation and expulsion of intestinal parasites. Example: Calomel, Magnesium sulphate. 14

15. 36. Chlorine source: Substance which liberates chlorine. Example: Chlorinated lime, Chlorinated soda. 37. Dentifrices: Drugs which are used in cleaning the surface of the teeth. Example: Calcium carbonate, Magnesium peroxide. 38. Depilatory agents: Drugs which are used to remove hair. Example: Barium sulphide . 39. Diagnostic agents: Drugs which are used in diagnose the diseased conditions of the organs. Example: Barium sulphate. 40. Diaphoretics: Drugs which are used to promote sweating. Example: Potassium citrate. 41. Disinfectants: Drugs which are used to kill the microbes in nonliving things. Example: Ammonium acetate. 42. Diuretics: Drugs which are used to increase the urine output. Example: Ammonium chloride, Ammonium iodide. 15

16. 43. Dressing material: Substances which are used for the dressing of burns. Example: Aluminum metal foil. 44. Dusting powders: Substance which are used to have soothing effect on the skin. Example: Talc, Zinc stearate , Light kaolin. 45. Electrolyte replenishers : Compounds used to treat acid base imbalance conditions in the body. Example: Sodium chloride, Ringer lactate solution, Potassium chloride. 46. Emetics: Drugs which are used to induce vomiting. Example: Zinc sulphate, Copper sulphate. 47. Expectorants: Drugs which are used in the treatment of cough. They promotes the ejection of mucus (sputum) from the lungs, bronchi and trachea by increasing its fluidity (reducing viscosity). Example: Potassium iodide (sedative expectorant), Eucalyptus, Lemon (stimulant expectorant), Ammonium chloride, Potassium iodide. 16

17. 48. Fillers: Drugs which are used to fill the dental cavities. Example: Gold and Silver metals. 49. General anaesthetics : Drugs which are used to produce reversible loss of sensation. Example: Nitrous oxide. 50. Germicides: Drugs which are used to kill the germs. Example: Chlorinated lime. 51. Haematinics : Drugs which are used in the treatment of anaemia. Example: Ferrous sulphate, Ferric ammonium citrate and other iron compounds. 52. Haemostatic: Drugs which are used to arrest the flow of blood. Example: Alum. 53. Inhalants: Inhalants are the drugs or chemicals which in the vapour form are inhaled or administered through the respiratory system in the body. Example: Oxygen, CO2, Ammonium carbonate, Nitrous oxide, Helium. 54. Iodine supplements: Drugs which are used in the treatment of iodine deficiency. Example: Potassium iodide. 17

18. 55. Laxatives: Drugs which are used to promote the evacuation of bowel. Example: Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium phosphate. 56. Protectives : Substance which tend to form a coating and protect the exposed skin or mucus membrane from harmful stimuli. Example: Zinc stearate , Zinc oxide. 57. Purgatives: Drugs which are used to defecate. These agents relieve constipation and helps in the expulsion of intestinal parasites. Example: Magnesium sulphate. 58. Radiation shields: Compounds which are used to prevent the entry of radiations. Example: Lead sheets, Wall lining. 59. Radio isotope tracers: Radioactive element or compound added to material to monitor the material's distribution as it progresses through a system. Example: Carbon-14, Tritium. 18

19. 60. Radiotherapeutic agents: Radioisotopes used for the treatment of diseases. Example: Iodine121, Cr- 52 and Gold- 198. 61. Rubifacients : Substances which causes reddening of skin by dilating blood vessels and increasing blood circulation in the applied area. Example: Ammonia. 62. Scabicides : Drugs which are used in the treatment of scabies. Example: Sulphur. 63. Sedatives: Substance which causes CNS depression and produces sedation. At higher dose they produce sleep. Example: Potassium bromide, Lithium carbonate. 19

20. Reference   Pharmaceutical Chemistry -Inorganic Volume-1 by G. R. Chatwal . Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry by Katja A. Strohfeldt . Indian Pharmacopoeia. M.L Schroff , Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. P. GunduRao , Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 3rd Edition A.I. Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic analysis. Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 20

21. Thank you 21