Pharmacognosy def.his.scope.develpmnt

Detailed introduction of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Major development in Pharmacognosy and scope of Pharmacognosy

1. PHARMACOGNOSY INTRODUCTION HISTROY DEVELOPMENT SCOPE

2. INTRODUCTION Term Pharmacognosy is combination of two Greek words, ‘Pharmakon’ means A drug and ‘gnosis’ means to acquire knowledge of The nomenclature Pharmacognosy first used by German Medical student in 1815, he wrote his doctoral thesis titled Analectica Pharmacognostica. Initially, in 19 th century, Pharmacognosy known as Materia medica, means study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals and mineral kingdom. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 2

3. Definition of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy is defined as “ Scientific and systemic study of structural, physical, chemical and biological characters of crude drugs – obtained from natural sources, along with history, method of cultivation, collection and preparation for market. Crude drugs : Crude drugs are the drugs which are obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, minerals, marine source or from microorganisms and they are used as such as they occur in nature without any processing, except drying and size reduction. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 3

4. HISTORY OF PHARMACOGNOSY In the early period, when primitive man went in search of food, he ate at random plants or their parts like fruits, leaves, tubers, etc. If no harmful effects were observed, he considered them as edible plants and used them as food. If he observed other effects, he considered them as non-edible plants. According to effect observed, he used them in treating symptoms or disease conditions. If any plant caused Diarrhoea , he used as purgative. If any plant caused poisonous effect or death, he used as arrow poison for the hunting purpose. This knowledge was obtained by trial and error and results were passed on from one generation to the other, and new knowledge was added in the same way. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 4

5. Scientists and their work in the development of Pharmacognosy Name Profession Work done Time period Hippocrates Father of Medicine Greek scientist Studied Human Anatomy and Physiology 460-360 B.C. Aristotle Father of Biology Greek philosopher Animal kingdom 384-322 B.C. Theophrastus Greek philosopher Plant kingdom 370-287 B.C. Carl Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy Swedish botanist Bionomical classification 1753 Pedanius Dioscorides Greek physician De materia medica book 78 A.D. Galen Greek pharmacist Galenical pharmacy Extraction of chemical constituents from plants Pain relieving material 131-200 A.D. C. A. Saydler German Scientist Coined word Pharmacognosy 1815 5

6. Indian history of Pharmacognosy In India, knowledge of medicinal plants is very old, and medicinal properties of plants are described in Rigveda and in Atharvaveda , from which Ayurveda has developed. Ayurveda is the term for traditional medicine of ancient India and it is believed to be prevalent for last 5000 years. Ayur means life and veda means the knowledge or science, so Ayurveda means science of life . The Ayurvedic writings can be divided into two main treatises are Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. A large portion of the Indian population even today depends on the Indian System of Medicine. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 6

7. DEVELOPMENT IN PHARMACOGNOSY Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 7

8. The development was mainly due to the following four events : Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 8

9. Important aspects of natural products that led to modern developments : Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 9 Isolation of Phytochemicals : Strong acting substances such as glycosides of digitalis, alkaloids from Vinca, Rauwolfia, Ergot and Opium alkaloids were isolated and their Pharmacological activities were studied. Caffeine from tea leaves, coffee beans Vanillin from Vanilla beans

10. 2. Structure Activity Relationship Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 10 The structure–activity relationship ( SAR ) is the relationship between the chemical structure of a molecule and its biological activity. Tubocurarine and Toxiferine from Curare, having muscle relexant properties because of Quaternary ammonium groups. Hypotensive activity of Reserpine is because of Trimethoxy benzoic acid moiety. Presence of Lactone ring is essential for the activity of Cardiac glycosides. Reserpine Tubocurarine Digoxigenin

11. 3. Drugs obtained by partial synthesis of natural products : The process in which compounds isolated from natural sources are used as starting materials to produce other organic molecules is called as partial synthesis. Example : Oxytocic activity of methyl ergometrine is more than that of ergometrine. 4. biosynthetic pathway : Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. Some of the important pathways are Calvin’s cycle, Shikimic acid pathway for aromatic compounds. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 11

12. 5. Technical products : Natural products besides being used as drugs and therapeutic aids, are used in number of other industries such as food, beverages, spices, etc. Example : coffee beans and tea leaves besides being the source of caffeine are used as popular beverages . Mustard seeds and Clove are popular spices. Cinnamon oil and Peppermint oil besides being used as carminative, are used as flavouring agents. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 12

13. 6. Pharmaceutical aids : Pharmaceutical aids are the  drugs or other than drugs which have no or little pharmacological effects  but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form like tablets, Injections, emulsions, ointments, etc. Volatile oils are used as flavouring agents. Gelatin is used in coating of pills and preparation of capsule shell. Carbohydrate containing drugs like glucose, sucrose and honey are used as sweetening agents. Fixed oils and waxes from natural source are used as base in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulation like, creams and ointments. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 13

14. SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 14 Herbal medicines Food supplements Tissue culture Research and development New drug discovery and development

15. pharmacognosy has enabled vegetative drugs under botany and animal drug under zoology, through taxonomy. WHO has estimated that 80 % of world population depends on herbal medicines for their primary health care. Some of the very famous drugs are Senna, Aloe, Rauwolfia, Turmeric, Tulsi, etc. Pharmacognosy is vital link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, because it enables isolation of purified natural drugs, converts into medicine and evaluate its therapeutic effects. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 15

16. Due to rapid growth in demand and popularity of natural products, research has been directed towards patentable drug discovery and development in the field of Pharmacognosy. More than 45,000 plant species found in the ecosystem of our country, and only a small percentage of plants has been phytopharmacologically investigated. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 16

17. Pharmacognosy links Ayurvedic and Allopathic systems of medicines to each other. Cadila Pharmaceuticals, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Integrative medicine (IIIM), has developed a fixed dose combination product containing – Rifampicin 200 mg Isoniazid 300 mg Piperine 10 mg For treatment of tuberculosis Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 17

18. Academics : teaching in colleges, universities, museums and botanical garden. Pharmaceutical industry : research and development area Government : placement in government agencies like medicinal plant research, AYUSH projects, food and drug administration, etc. Modernization of conventional or traditional dosage form is opening doors to Industrial Pharmacognosy. Artemisin is a new anti-malarial drug obtained from Artemisia. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 18

19. Pharmacognostical scheme To describe drugs in a systematic manner is known as pharmacognostical scheme, which contains following headings. Biological source: This includes the biological names of plants or animals of the drug and its belonging family. Botanical name includes genus and species. Biological source also includes the family and part of plant used as drug. Some abbreviations are written after the botanical names, which is biologist responsible for the classification. Example : Aloe consists of whole leaves or juice collected by incision made on base of leaves of Aloe vera Linn , belonging to the family Liliaceae. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 19

20. 2. Geographical source : It includes the areas, in which plant in cultivated. 3. Cultivation, Collection and Preparation : This includes the method, specific requirements and time of cultivation and collection. Storage condition and method of preparation for the market. 4. Morphological characters : This includes morphological characteristics of plant parts like length, thickness, colour, odour, taste, shape, etc. In case of powdered drug colour, odour, taste and texture is included. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 20

21. 5. Microscopical characters : This is one of the important aspects of pharmacognosy, as it helps to identify drug. Under this section, all the detailed microscopical characters of a drug is described. 6. Chemical constituents : It includes the chemical constituents present in the drug. 7. Uses : It includes traditional use and pharmacological activity of a drug or the disease in which the drug is effective. 8. Substituents : The drug which is used during non-availability of original drug is known as substituent. It has same type of physiological active constituents, however the quality of drug may be different. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 21

22. 9. Adulterants : Adulteration is defined as substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar looking substances. The substance, which is mixed, is free from therapeutic property. With the knowledge of the diagnostic characters of drugs, the adulterants can be detected. Example : mixing a buffalo milk with goat milk is substitution. But mixing water in the milk is adulteration. In first case goat milk is substitute and in second case water is adulterant. 10. Chemical tests : Knowledge of chemical test becomes more important when morphology of drug is not well defined. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 22

23. 11. marketed formulations : If any preparation or formulations are present in the market, then it is included in this section. Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 23

24. THANK YOU Zuli M. Shingala, IICP 24