Pharmacognosy II skin diseases (8)4.pptx

Pharm D

1. Skin Diseases Clinical Pharmacognosy

2. Skin: The membranous tissue forming the external covering of an individual and consisting of epidermis and dermis. The thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal.

3. Cross Section of skin: Melanocytes Muscle Sebaceous glands Hair shaft Epidermis Dermis Fat Artery Sweat glands Hair folicle

4. Functions of skin: Protection of human body Sensation i.e transmiting to the brain information about surrounding Temprature regulation Immunity i.e the role of the skin within the immune system. Enable movement and growth without injury. Excretion from the body of certain types of waste materials Endocrine function e.g. synthesis of vit -D

5. Viral infections of skin: HERPES SIMPLEX  more commonly known as  herpes  -- are categorized into two types: herpes type 1 (HSV-1, or  oral herpes ) and herpes type 2 (HSV-2, or  genital herpes ). Most commonly, herpes type 1 causes sores around the  mouth  and lips. HSV-1 can  cause genital herpes , but most cases of  genital herpes  are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum. Although HSV-2 sores may occur in other locations, these sores usually are found below the waist..

6. Viral infections of skin: Signs: Blistering sore, itching, pain during urination.

7. Viral infections of skin: Herpes zoster: Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox.

8. Viral infections of skin: Warts: Warts are small, self-limited tumors caused by one of over 100 types of  human papilloma viruses  ( HPV ).

9. Viral infections of skin: Autoinoculation is derived from the Latin root words "autos" and "inoculate" that mean "self implanting" or "self infection" or "implanting something from oneself". Autoinoculation can refer to both beneficial medical procedures (e.g. vaccination ) as well as non-beneficial or harmful natural processes (e.g. infection or disease ). Cause: HPV infection is usually transmitted by direct contact between individuals or autoinoculation.

10. Viral infections of skin: Lessions ocuur anywhere by most frequent on the hands particularly on dorsal surfaces

11. Viral infections of skin: Viral infections that produce rashes: There are number of viral infection that produce rashes: Measles German measles Chiken pox

12. Viral infections of skin: Other viral infection with skin involvement: Viral infection or illness commonly causes lesions involving mouth , hand and feet. Mouth lesions Skin lesions

13. Other Skin Disorders: Vitiligo : It is a disease that cause the loss of skin color . It occurs when the cell that produce melanin die or stop functioning. Cause of vitilago : Autoimmune Genetics Heredity Viral cause

14. Parasitic Skin Disorders: Scabies: A mite cause common skin condition called human itch mite. People get scabies when the mite burrow into top layer of skin to live and feed When the skin react with mite an extremely itchy rash develops.

15. Other Skin Disorders: Freckle: Also called ephelis Small patch of light brown color on skin Small brownish spot on skin that turn darker on increase in number upon the exposure to sun.

16. Fungal diseases of skin: Athelete’s foot: It is a fungal infection that usually begins between the toes. It occurs most commonly in people whose feet have become very sweaty white confined within tight fitting shoes. Cause: Athelet’s foot is a form of dermatophytosis fungal infection of skin caused by dermatophytes.

17. Fungal diseases of skin: Blisters on feet that itch Raw skin on feet. Cracking Discolored, thick, crumbly toe nails

18. Fungal diseases of skin: Ringworm: Dermatophytes more commonly known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of skin. Ringworms is misnomer. The infection is not caused by a worm rather its caused by a fungus. The infection may affect the skin of scalp, feet, beard, grain(the area between abdomen and thigh) or other area.

19. Other Skin Disorders: Acne: Introduction: Acne vulgaris common skin disease (scaly, red skin) , nodules (pin and large heads), pimples, scarring Acne occure most common during adloescense , 80-90% of teenagers The 8 th most common disease affecting 650 million people. Acne diminishes over lime and tend to disappear or at very least decreases by age 25

20. Other Skin Disorders: Causes: 1 .Hormonal 2 . Genetics 3. Psycologic 4 . Infectious 5 . diet Androgen Follicular gland larger Sebum Androgens Testostrerons IL gf-1 First degree relatives Polygenic Polymorphism in CYP1A1 IL-1 alpha Stress Acne Propinobacterium acne (anaerobe) Long term acne Glycemic load = acne Acne = obesity Insulin metabolis Hormonal Genetics Psycological Infectious Diet

21. Other Skin Disorders: Signs and symptoms: Scars: As a result of inflamation within decmins Reffered as ‘ice pick’ scars Because of scar tend to cause indentation. Pigmentation: Fade b/w 3 mounths to 2 years

22. Other Skin Disorders: Eczema & Dermatitis: Derma = skin ; itis = inflamation Eczema = eruption , inflamation of skin characterized by itchy, erythematous , vesicular weeping crusting patches Dermatitis or eczema are synonyms Eczema => persistent => dryness, recurring skin rashes Dermatitis acute, eczema => chronic

23. Other Skin Disorders: Causes: Causes of eczema unknown but presumed combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental: Hypothesis: exposure to bacteria + immune system modulators during development + missing out on -> increase risk of asthma+ allergy Genetic: Occurs about 3 times more frequently in celiac disease about two times more frequently in relatives.

24. Other Skin Disorders: Signs and symptoms: Dermatitis: Symptoms: rary with condition Signs : redness of skin, swelling, itching and skin lesions. Symptoms: on neck, wrist, fore arm, thigh, anckle on face appear on genital area such as vulva or scrotum.

25. Other Skin Disorders: Psoriasis: Greek word = itching condition Psora = itch sis = action, condition Common chronic remitting , immune mediated skin disease. Characterized by red, scaly, patches, papules and plaques affect 2-4% of general population severity vary from localized patches to complete body coverage.

26. CONTENTS: Herbs used in the treatment of Skin diseases Biological Sources Family Part Used Constituents Medicinal Uses Adverse Effects Contraindications

27. HERBAL TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES 1. Aloe vera 2. Angelica archangelica 3. Mentha piperita 4. Commiphora mukul

28. 1. Aloe vera Common names : Kuwar Gandhal Family : Liliaceae Part Used : Leaves

29. Chemical Constituents Vitamins: Vit A, Vit C, Vit E, Folic acid Enzymes Minerals Anthraquinones ( Aloins,emodin ) Sugars Fatty acids Hormones

30. Adverse effects

31. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Although topical application is unlikely to be harmful during pregnancy or lactation, internal use is not suggested, due to stimulation of uterine contractions. Consumption of the dried juice from aloe leaves is contraindicated during lactation.

32. 2. Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica, Jangli gajar Family: Umbelliferae Part(s) Used: Fruit, leaf, rhizome, roots

33. Constituents The literature mainly refers to constituents of the root. Coumarins : Angelicin,archangelicin , bergapten , Volatile oil: 80–90% monoterpenes Other constituents: Archangelenone (a flavonoid ), palmitic acid,caffeic and chlorogenic acids, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose,umbelliferose ).

34. Uses Skin Uses: 1. An infusion of Angelica root used as a wash for the face, is said to prevent acne. 2. A powder made from the dried root is used for athlete’s foot, as well as an insecticide and pesticide. Angelica oil : can be used to help in the treatment of dull congested skin, irritation, psoriasis, arthritis, gout, rheumatism, water retention, bronchitis, coughs, anemia, anorexia, flatulence, indigestion, fatigue, migraine, nervous tension and stress related disorders.

35. Adverse effects Angelica root seems to be safe for most adults when used as a cream, short-term. If you take angelica, wear sunblock outside, especially if you are light-skinned. Angelica might make your skin more sensitive to sunlight.

36. Pregnancy/lactation Pregnancy and lactation Angelica root is abortifacient ., the use of angelica during pregnancy and lactation in amounts exceeding those used in foods should be avoided.

37. 3 . Mentha piperita Botanical name: Mentha piperita Family: Labiatae Part used: Leaves Chemical constituents: It contain Menthol , Cineol , Limonene,Menthone , Menthyl Acetate.

38. Uses: Skin Treatment Mint is beneficial as a skin treatment. The oils can be applied to the skin and also mint juice. Mint is a powerful yet gentle cleanser that is effective in  clearing up acne  and ridding the skin of bacteria that leads to infection. It also provides  relief from irritations  on the skin caused by rashes, stings, and scratches.

39. Other uses Stomachic Carminative Colic pain Induces perspiration Nervous disorders Helpful in raising internal heat

40. Adverse effects Peppermint can cause some side effects including heartburn, and allergic reactions including flushing, headache, and mouth sores. Pregnancy and breast-feeding : It is  LIKELY SAFE  to take peppermint in amounts normally found in food during pregnancy and breast-feeding. It’s best not to take these larger amounts if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.

41. 4. . Commiphora mukul Common name: Gum gugal , Gugal myrrh, Guggal Family: Burseraceae Part used Resin and oil

42. Uses Anti-obesity Treating boils Dermatitis Skin Rashes Psoriasis Eczema

43. Contraindications Guggul is a uterine stimulant, making it useful for regulating menstruation but contraindicated during pregnancy

44. Constituents: Guggul is a  gum resin  obtained from the guggul tree and contains various plant essential oils and steroid compounds called " guggul sterones "