Pharmacology of Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamins & Minerals

1. Mk Vitamins & Minerals Presented By Dr. Manoj Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology Adesh Medical College & Hospital Ambala Can’t

2. VITAMINS Organic compounds . Required in small amount in diet to maintain normal metabolic function. They are produce in nature , both plant & animal. All common food stuff contain more than one vitamin. Non-antigenic . Effective when take orally.

3. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Essential for growth, maintenance & reproduction. They are not used for energy production. Fat soluble vit . are required for normal colour vision, blood clotting, bone formation & maintenance of membrane structure. Most of the water soluble vit . function as coenzymes involved in carbohydrate, lipid & amino acid metabolism etc. Vit . A & D act as steroid hormones. Deficiency of fat soluble vit . produce night blindness, skeletal deformation, haemorrhages & hemolysis .

4. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE (Cont..)   Deficiency of water soluble vitamins produce beriberi, glossitis , pellagra, microcytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia & scurvy. Some vit . analogs are used as drugs. For e.g. folic acid analogs are used as anticancer agents & antibiotics. Consumption of vit . C in significant amounts reduces severity of cold. Vit . B12, Folic acid & Vit . B6 are beneficial to coronary artery disease patients. They lower plasma homocysteine levels.

5. Classification of Vitamins

6. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS These are oily substances , not readily soluble in water They contain carbon , hydrogen and oxygen. Fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A,D,E ,& K. Vit . A ,E & K are terpenoids Vit . D is a steroid

7. Vitamin A Also known as [A1]Retinol , [A2] Dehydroretinol PROPERTIES Ordinarily retinol is a viscoid , colourless oil. Soluble in fats & fat solvents. Insoluble in water. Loss of vit . A in cooking, canning and freezing of foodstuffs. Destroyed when exposure to sunlight

8. Capsule

9. DEFICIENCY DISEASES Vit . A is affects of the various metabolic processes in the body Vitamin A deficiency leads to various diseases such as: Xerophthalmia Keratomalacia Phynoderma

10. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances) of vit . A is about 5,000 (I.U ). Growing children's, adults, pregnant women & lactating mother require high doses up to 8,000 I.U. ADVER EFFECTS Bone thinning. Liver damage. Headache. Diarrhea. Nausea. Skin irritation. Pain in joints & bone. Birth defects.

11. Vitamin D Also known as sunshine vit . or antirachitic factor PROPERTIES Vit . D is a white & colourless crystalline substance Soluble in fat & fat solvents Not affected by acids & alkali's.

12. DEFICIENCY DISEASES

13. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Vit . D requirement is the amount of ultraviolet light to which the individual is exposed. For adults also, exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes a day is requirement. 400 IU is recommended for infants , lactating mother & pregnant women. Daily allowance 200 - 400 IU is adequate .

14. ADVER EFFECTS High doses Diarrhea Dizziness or faintness (with the injection only) Flushing or redness of skin Headache Increase in urination (mild) Nausea or vomiting Stomach cramps

15. VITAMIN E Also known as anti-sterility factor PROPERTIES Vit . E is a light yellow oil. Resistant to heat and acids. Slowly oxidized and destroyed by UV rays. METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as anti- oxidents Control Oxygen consumption Participate in nucleic acid metabolism

16. DEFICIENCY DISEASE Premature , very low birth weight infants. Neurological problems. Impairment of the immune response . Neuromuscular problems. Rare disorders of fat metabolism. Fat Malabsorption .

17. Human requirements RDA, 15 mg/day Pregnant Females 18 years: 15 mg/day Lactating Females 18 years: 19 mg/day Children 1-3 years: 6 mg orally once/day Vitamin E Deficiency 60-75 units PO/Day

18. Side effects of vitamin E Fatigue Headache Gas (flatulence) Diarrhea Blurred vision Increased serum  creatinine Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke Necrotizing entercolitis (infants)

19. Vitamin K Vit . K plays a key role in helping the blood clot.  Preventing excessive bleeding. METABOLIC FUNCTION Biosynthesis of prothrombin Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain.

20. DEFICIENCY DISEASES Cause loss of blood-clotting power . In infants hemorrhage . In man it leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids.

21. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Lack of sufficient vit . K in human beings. As such no standard requirement has been set. ADVER EFFECTS Difficulty in swallowing. Fast or irregular breathing. Light headedness or fainting. Skin rash, hives &/or itching. Swelling of eyelids, face, or lips. Tightness in chest. Troubled breathing &/or wheezing.

22. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen. Dissolve in water. Water soluble vit . are vit . B complex such as B1 through B12 & vit . C

23. VIT. B‐1 Thiamin Also known as antineuritic factor PROPERTIES It's a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water The solution is optically inactive. Destroyed at elevated temperature . METABOLIC FUNCTION Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) as coenzyme in many decarboxylation reaction.

24. DEFICIENCY DISEASE Loss of appetite Weakness & Feeling tired Insomnia Loss of weight Depression Heart problems Beriberi is a neurological and cardiovascular disease Dry beriberi is characterized sensory , motor & reflex functions affecting. Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion Gastrointestinal beriberi is associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain & lactic acidosis

25. HUMAN REQUIREMENT   RDA for men is of 1.2-1.4 mg . 1 mg for women Pregnant and lactating mother requires 1.5 mg daily For infants 0.2-0.5 mg daily.

26. Side effects of thiamine include: Warmth. Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) Skin discoloration. Sweating. Restlessness. Rapid swelling of the skin. Itching.

27. VIT. B‐2 Riboflavin Also known as Riboflavin PROPERTIES It’s a yellow orange crystalline powder. Soluble in water Easily decomposed by alkali & light. Formation of antibodies & red blood cells Cell respiration The aqueous solution exhibit green fluorescence. METABOLIC FUNCTION Phototropic curvature of plant organs.

28. . DEFICIENCY DISEASES Itching and burning of eyes Cracks & sores in mouth & lips Bloodshot eyes Dermatitis Oily skin Digestive disturbances

29. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Adults males—1.4 to 1.8 milligrams (mg) per day. Adults females—1.2 to 1.3 mg per day. Pregnant females—1.6 mg per day. Breast-feeding females—1.7 to 1.8 mg per day. Children birth to 3 years of age—0.4 to 0.8 mg per day. Children 7 to 10 years of age—1.2 mg per day.

30. Side effects Bleeding gums. Constipation. Skin rash. Heart throbbing. Nausea. Heartburn. Gas. Diarrhea.

31. VIT. B‐3 Niacinamide & Niacin Also known as yeast factor PROPERTIES It’s a pale yellow viscous oil Soluble in water Insoluble in chloroform Destroyed by heating in acid & alkaline medium METABOLIC FUNCTION Participate in the formation of co-enzyme A.

32. . DEFICIENCY DISEASES Pellagra disease caused by B‐3 deficiency Gastrointestinal disturbance, loss of appetite Headache, insomnia, mental depression Fatigue, aches, and pains Nervousness, irritability

33. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Recommended daily allowance (RDA) Males: ≥19 years: 16 mg/day Females: ≥19 years: 14 mg/day Pregnant women: 18 mg/day Breastfeeding: 17 mg/day Side effects   Stomach upset. Gas. Dizziness. Rash. Itching.

34. Pantothenic Acid Also known as antiblacktongue factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance. Soluble in water Heat stable in air & water Soluble in ethyl alcohol also METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as a constituent in two pyrimidines nucleotide coenzymes, NAD & NADP.

35. DEFICIENCY DISEASES The first signs of vitamin B5 deficiency are burning sensations in the hands, feet & poor coordination. Extremely essential for acetylcholine synthesis which is required for muscle contractions & its deficiency can cause muscle cramps & tingling sensations of muscles. Irritability, fatigue, tiredness & apathy .

36. HUMAN REQUIREMENT Men & Women over 14 years: 5 mg/day Pregnant women: 6 mg/day Lactating women: 7 mg/day Children 6-12 months: 1.8 mg/day Children 1-3 years: 2 mg/day Children 3 - 8 years: 3 mg/day Children 8 -13 years: 4 mg/day Dietary Supplement 5-10 mg orally once/day

37. Side Effects Associated with Using Pantothenic Acid? Muscle pain. Joint pain. Diabetes mellitus, new-onset. Sore throat. Headache. Weakness/lack of energy. Dizziness. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) increased.

38. B‐6 Pyridoxine Also known as anti-dermatitis factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance Soluble in water Sensitive to light & ultraviolet rays Resistant to acids & alkaline METABOLIC FUNCTION Serves as growth factor to a number of bacteria Also act as a carrier in active transport of amino acids across cell membrane

39. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B6: Weakness Sleepleness Personality changes Dermatitis Anemia Nerve damage Peripheral neuropathy Nausea , loss of appetite Depression Mental confusion

40. HUMAN REQUIREMENT Daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) Infants 0-6 months, 0.1 mg; Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; Males 14-50 years, 1.3 mg; Females 14-18 years, 1.2 mg; Pregnant women, 1.9 mg; & breast-feeding women, 2 mg.

41. Side effects Decreased sensation to touch, temperature & vibration. Loss of balance or coordination. Feeling tired. Nausea. Headache. Drowsiness. Tingling.

42. Folate (folic acid) Also known as liver lactobacillus casein factor PROPERTIES Folic acid is a yellow crystalline substance. Soluble in water. Insoluble in fat solvents. Stable to heat in alkaline solution . Inactivated by sunlight . METABOLIC FUNCTION Enzymatic synthesis of pureness, pyrimidines & amino acids.

43. DEFICIENCY DISEASE Signs of deficiency of vit B9 memory lose, restricted growth of the brain, nerves, weakness, skin cracking, mood disorder & depression. Headache, nausea, irritability, fatigue , acne, sore tongue & cracks corner of the mouth. Loss of appetite, inflamed tongue, gastrointestinal problems & diarrhea .

44. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For infants 0.1mg daily . 0.4 mg for men 0.8 mg per day for pregnant and lactating mothers. Folic acid side effects Nausea, loss of appetite. Bloating, gas, stomach pain. Bitter or unpleasant taste Confusion. Sleep problems. Depression. Feeling excited or irritable.

45. Vit . B‐12 Cobalamin Also known as anti- pernivious anemia factor. PROPERTIES Proper nerve function Production of red blood cells Metabolizing fats & proteins Prevention of anemia DNA reproduction Energy production? Destroyed by heat in acids & alkaline solutions. METABOLIC FUNCTION Nucleic acid metabolism.

46. DEFICIENCY DISEASES Fatigue Shortness of breath Palpitations Anemia. Pale or yellowish skin

47. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS For children 2-4mg. For men & women 5mg. For pregnant & lactating mother 8 mg. Side effects of vitamin B-12? Mild diarrhea. Itching. Skin rash. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea, vomiting. Pulmonary edema & congestive heart failure.

48. Ascorbic acid Also known as ant-scorbutic factor PROPERTIES Obtained mostly citrus fruits. Colourless and odorless crystalline substance . Soluble in water. Drying of fruits & vegetables also loss of vit . C . It’s a powerful reducing agent . METABOLIC FUNCTION Biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones . Helps in synthesis of collagen tissue & intercellular help in healing of wound.

49. DEFICIENCY DISEASE Fatigue. Mood Changes. Weight Loss. Joint and Muscle Aches. Bruising. Dental Conditions . Dry Hair & Skin. Infections.

50. HUMAN REQUIREMENT Children's 40 mg per day. Adults 50-60 mg. Lactating and pregnant women require 100 mg Daily. Side effects Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting. Heartburn. Abdominal cramps. Headache. Insomnia.

51. Vitamin p Also known as vit . p PROPERTIES They are water soluble vit . METABOLIC FUNCTION Act as antioxidant Maintains of capillary permeability and fragility.

52. DEFICIENCY DISEASE Bioflavonoid deficiency in animals characterized by increased capillary permeability & fragility. In man deficiency syndrome have not observed . HUMAN REQUIREMENT The dietary allowances for man are not known .

53. Mineral

54. Mineral Facts Essential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts. As many as 20 minerals may be required! Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

55. The Macrominerals Calcium Ca Phosphorous P Potassium K Sulfur S Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg

56. Calcium (Ca) Function: major component of bones and teeth and essential in blood coagulation, nerve, muscle function & milk production . Deficiency signs: retarded growth, deformed bones (rickets ) & osteoporosis. Sources: milk, oyster .

57. Sodium chloride common salt ( NaCl ) Function: required for the formation, retention, concentration & pH of body fluids, such as protoplasm, blood. Important in the formation of digestive juices & functions in nerve & muscle activity. Deficiency signs: poor condition & depressed appetite. Sources: salt supplements & injectable products.

58. Phosphorus (P) Function: essential for the formation of bones, teeth & body fluids. Required for metabolism, cell respiration & normal reproduction. Deficiency signs: similar to calcium deficiency, lack of appetite, poor reproduction. Sources: calcium phosphate, bone meal & low fluorine phosphates.

59. Potassium (K) Function: retention & formation of body fluids, pH concentration of body fluid & rumen digestion. Deficiency signs: decreased appetite. Sources: Bananas, Sweet potato.

60. Manganese ( Mn ) Function: Fetal development, milk production & skeleton development. Deficiency signs: Abortions, reduced fertility, deformed young & poor growth. Sources: Most use trace mineralized salt.

61. The Microminerals Iodine (I) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Selenium (Se) Manganese ( Mn ) Molybedenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn)

62. Copper (Cu) Function: should be present in tissues for iron to be properly utilized, hemoglobin formation & synthesis of keratin for fair & wool growth. Deficiency signs: poor pigmentation, lack of muscle coordination & anemia. Sources: copper salts.

63. Iron (Fe): Function: essential for the function of every organ & tissue of the body (Hemoglobin). Deficiency signs: anemia, pale eyelids, ears & nose. Sources: copper or trace mineral salts.

64. Cobalt (Co) Function: required as a nutrient for the microorganisms synthesis of Vitamin B 12 . Deficiency signs: lack of appetite, loss of weight & anemia. Sources: salt containing cobalt.

65. Magnesium (Mg) Function: similar to calcium & phosphorus. Deficiency signs: heart beat is irregular & kidney damage. Sources: mineral supplements.