pharmacotherapy of respiratory disorders.pptx

Cigcgucucfcfucfucufcufcufcufcufcufcufcufcufxufxufxufxufxufxurxurxufxufxufxufxufxfuxfuxfuxufxyfxutcitcgivitcugctucrxruxryxruxfuxufxufxfuxufcufcufcfucfucfucufcufcfucfucfucticifcifcifcifcufcufcticfucifcciffciicgctuctuctuctcutcfucfucfucfucufcfucfucfu

1. Drugs used on Respiratory System Mr. Dipti Sorte

2. Anti-Asthmatic Drugs Classified as: Bronchodilators: Anticholinergic. Mast cell stabilizers Corticosteroids. Anti-histamines. Adrenergic Agonist or sympathomimetics. Methylxanthines.

3. Bronchodilators: Adrenergic agonist or sympathomimetics Mechanism of action: They causes widening of the airway by relaxing bronchial smooth muscles by stimulate beta receptors.

4. Indications/uses Relieving the distress of asthma. Bronchospasm or broncho -constriction.

5. Adverse Effects Nervousness. Anxiety. Tremor. Headache. Palpitations. Tachycardia. Arrhythmias.

6. Bronchodilators: Methylxanthine Mechanism of action : These drugs are weak CNS stimulants that are powerful smooth muscle relaxants thus they relax the smooth muscle of bronchi. They also have diuretic effect.

7. Indication/Uses To treat and prevent bronchospasm. To treat asthma, bronchitis, emphysema.

8. Adverse effects Headache. Anxiety. Nausea. Seizures. Abdominal Cramping. Diarrhea. Respiratory arrest. Irritability. Insomnia. Vomiting. Peptic ulcer. Epigastric pain. Tachycardia.

9. Anticholinergic – Already Explained

10. Mast cell Stabilizers – Introduction Mast cell stabilizers works to prevent allergy cells called mast cell from breaking open and releasing chemicals that help to cause inflammation. They are not effective once the allergic reaction has occurred and mediators are released from mast cells. So they are useless during asthmatic attack. They are used in the prophylaxis of asthma.

11. Mechanism of action They inhibit mast cell activity, thus prevent the release of allergic mediators like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, cytokines. These chemical are essential for an inflammation and allergic reactions.

12. Indication / uses Prevent asthma symptoms from occurring or prophylaxis to asthmatic attack. To decrease inflammation or bronchospasm. To decrease allergic reactions. Rhinitis/conjunctivitis.

13. Adverse effects Throat irritations. Nasal irritations. Wt. Gain. Headache. Drowsiness. Dry mouth. Dizziness.

14. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Cortico-steroids) These drugs have anti-inflammatory as well as anti-allergic actions thus they are effective in bronchial asthma.

15. Mechanism of action They prevent the release of or counteract the bronchial mediators (Kinins, serotonin, Histamine) that cause tissue inflammation responsible for edema and airway narrowing.

16. Indication/uses Chronic bronchitis. Allergic Rhinitis. Respiratory inflammatory disorders. Bronchial asthma. Prophylaxis in exercise induced asthma. Allergic reaction.

17. Adverse effects Hoarseness. Candida infections. Oropharyngeal irritation. Bronchospasm after inhalation of dry powder.

18. Antihistamines Antihistamines are the drugs used in the treatment od allergic disorders and some other conditions.

19. Mechanism of action These drugs block the effect of histamine and its receptors. They also provide some sort of sedation. There are four types of antihistamines drugs. Highly sedatives. Moderate sedatives. Mild sedatives. Non sedatives.

20. Indications/Uses Allergic reactions (Hay fever, Vasomotor rhinitis urticaria, asthma, Anaphylaxis). Because of their anticholinergic actions they are used as antiemetics and useful in motion sickness. As hypnotics, Mild sedative/anxiolytics. Parkinsonism.

21. Adverse effects Drowsiness in common. Dryness of mouth. Blurring of vision. Due to anticholinergic effect Urinary retention. Constipation. Delirium. Convulsions. Severe toxicity may causes death to cardiac and respiratory failure.

22. Mucolytics These drugs reduced the viscosity of sputum that leads to easily expel the sputum.

23. Mechanism of action Decrease mucous viscosity by breaking or altering mucoproteins present in sputum.

24. Indications/uses To treat abnormal viscid, or thick and hard mucus. As an antidote for acetaminophen overdose (acetylcysteine).

25. Adverse effects Stomatitis. Drowsiness. Bronchospasm. Nausea/vomiting. Severe rhinorrhea.

26. Decongestants A Decongestant drugs used to relieve nasal congestion in upper respiratory tracts.

27. Mechanism of action Decongestants are sympathomimetic drugs that act by stimulating the α (alpha) – adrenergic receptors. The decongestant effect due to vasoconstriction of the blood vessel in the nose sinuses etc. the vasoconstriction effect reduces swelling or inflammation and mucous formation in the nasal passage and make it easier to breath.

28. Indications /uses For temporary relief of nasal congestion due to common cold. Hay fever. Sinusitis. Upper respiratory tract allergens. To promote nasal and sinus drainage.

29. Adverse Effects Arrhythmias. Tachycardia. Insomnia. Palpitation. Hypertension. Drowsiness. Hypersensitivity reactions including rash, urticaria.

30. Drugs for cough The drug which used in cough are: Antitussive. Expectorants. Bronchodilators.

31. Antitussives – Introduction They are used to suppress dry cough mostly because their aim to control rather than eliminate cough. These are also called cough center suppressants.

32. Mechanism of action These are the drugs that act in the CNS to increase threshold of cough center.

33. Indications/uses Dry & unproductive cough. Allergic cough. Spasmodic cough.

34. Adverse Effects Constipation. Drowsiness. Dryness of mouth. Irritability. Ataxia. Respiratory depression in higher doses. Addiction. Vertigo. Nausea, Headache.

35. Expectorants – Introduction These drugs help in removal of secretions of respiratory tract and mucolytic agents produce liquification of mucous making expectoration easier.

36. Mechanism of action They increase bronchial secretions or reduce its viscosity, sodium and potassium citrate increase bronchial secretion by salt action also these drugs stimulate gastric mucosa or directly acting on mucous membrane of lungs to increase the secretion of mucous.

37. Indications/uses Chronic productive cough. Thick mucous production. Combinations with antitussives drugs for relieving cough.

38. Adverse effect Allergic reactions / hypersensitivity. Rhinorrhea. Lacrimation. Gastric irritation.