Philosophical Reflection on Science in Philosophy

Philosophical Reflection on Science in pivotal in understanding the progress of Science in different epoch.

1. PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION ON SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

2. ‘SCIENCE’ Since Greek antiquity, natural science, philosophy, and theology have been studied together. With the success of modern experimental science (17th century onwards), the word “science” became almost exclusive to experimental science.

3. I. Evolution of Philosophy of Science Reflection on science always depended on: The development of science in each era. The philosophical categories used to interpret science. 20TH 1920s reflections were sporadic. developed systematically, focusing mostly on 20th-century authors.

4. Aristotle’s view on science dominated until the 17th century. EMPIRICISM RATIONALISM

5. 19th century: Positivism strongly influenced the concept of science, its value, and its role in life. POSITIVISM = Empirical scientific evidence (Anti-metaphysic)

6. “Science is a certain knowledge through causes.” Particular sciences → study specific modes of being. Metaphysics → the “science of being as being,” most universal and necessary; studies ultimate causes. (Metaphysics and Particular Sciences)

7. Scientific demonstration = syllogism that shows why something must be as it is. (Demonstration and Induction in Aristotle) TRUE FIRST IMMEDIATE NECESSARY PRINCIPLES

8. INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE from particular observations to general principles. from general principles to particular cases.

9. SCIENTIFIC METHOD from particular observations to general principles. OBESERVATION QUESTION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

10. LIMITS OF ARISTOTLEAN SCIENCE The 17th-century new science (mechanics & astronomy) challenged Aristotelian ideas.

11. Methodology 01 02 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut a enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut a enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend. 03 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut a enim nec nisl ullamcorper eleifend.

12. Rationalism Empiricism

13. Rationalism and Empiricism Reliable Objective

14. Rene Descartes “it was necessary to start from the unquestionable evidence of the existence of the thinking subject” "clear and distinct ideas"

15. Rene Descartes DOUBT ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS ENUMERATION

16. Rationalism Rationalism’s strength lies in its trust in reason and logical coherence, which encouraged systematic scientific investigation. the theory that reason rather than experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge.

17. Francis Bacon the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience . John Locke David Hume Empiricism

18. Francis Bacon John Locke David Hume Induction Tabula Rasa Problem of Causality

19. Empirical Observation Rational Explanation

20. Empirical Observation Rational Explanation

21. Empirical Observation Rational Explanation

22. Empirical Observation Rational Explanation

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