Philosophy and ethics

philosophy, its branches and ethics

1. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS(RPE ) Introduction to Philosophy and Ethics and Moral Judgements Dr. Jagannath K. Dange Professor and Chairman Department of Education Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta Dist : Shimoga , Karnataka [email protected] http://jkdange.blogspot.com

2. Ph.D. ? RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS(RPE ) Why the paper is being included in coursework?

3. What is Research? Curiosity and the self-driven efforts to satisfy the curiosity lie at the root of research , which involves systematic and creative investigations in any domain of knowledge. These can be related to philosophy or matter, or anything in this Universe that can be perceived by our senses. Research has owner/s who actually find something new, and recipients, who learn about the new discovery when the owner communicates the new information/knowledge to the larger group .

4. The more we learn about something , we instinctively become more curious about what still remains unknown. Thus the philosophy underlying the human learning is: the more we know, we get to know what we still do not know . Aristotle stated “The more you know the more you know you don’t know”. Albert Einstein said, “The more I learn, the more I realize how much I don’t know.”

5. Research as a Social Responsibility While the research output is self-satisfying for the researchers as owners of the new knowledge / understanding , and as a stepping stone for the next level of enquiry, its dissemination to a larger peer group is a social responsibility. Research and Ethics Research is the pursuit of truth . (Philosophy) One has to ensure ethical behaviour in the pursuit of truth. It is common experience that new research studies reveal varying degrees of error in the earlier accepted inferences/interpretations that were based on past scholarly studies and were conducted on the basis of the then known principles and facts , using the best possible ethical, experimental, and other precautions.

6. Such finding of ‘ error’ does not , however , mean that the conclusions/interpretations advanced by the earlier studies were arrived at by deliberate or erroneous or unethical methods . All research studies rely on the available base knowledge or as known to the investigator at the given time. As the knowledge base expands , it is more likely that something that was accepted as fact at a given point of time, needs modification or even rejection . Being proven wrong , therefore, does not by itself imply unethical conduct by earlier researchers . However , issues of research integrity and ethical conduct arise if the results and/or their interpretations in the previous study were arrived at by deliberately biased methods or with some other selfish motive .

7. What Is Research Ethics? Generally, most people think of ethics as rules that distinguish between right and wrong. Ethical codes are also considered moral codes. Most often ethics refers to rules that are a guide to doing the right thing, although, what the right thing is, remains relative to the context . Research ethics is grounded in the principles and practice of science. “ codification of ethics of science in practice”. There can then be no separation of science and ethics since the latter is embedded in the practice of science.

8. Following from this the fundamental questions that every researcher must ask (Williams, 2003 ): What moral principles guide your research? How do ethical issues influence your selection of a research problem? How do ethical issues affect how you conduct your research: the design, sampling procedure, and so on? What responsibility do you have toward your research subjects? For example, do you have their informed consent to participate in your project? What ethical issues/dilemmas might come into play in deciding what research findings you publish ? Will your research directly benefit those who participated in the study?

9. Research ethics as it applies to : Choosing the topic of research, conducting literature survey and framing the research question; Choosing the research design, methodology and constructing or tools; Responsibilities towards the participants of research; Data collection, data storage, data utilization, and data security and the analyses of the data; Responsibilities towards the community or society, which is the subject area of research ; informing the participant population of the research findings; Narrating and presenting the findings, and Publishing the research.

10. Why is Philosophy important in research? 1. Problem-Solving: The study of philosophy enhances your ability to evaluate and resolve problems . It will help you to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. It contributes to your capacity to organize ideas and issues, to deal with questions of value, and to extract what is essential from masses of information. It helps you both to distinguish fine differences between views and to discover common ground between opposing positions. And it can help you to synthesize a variety of views or perspectives into a coherent understanding.

11. 2. Research and Analysis of Methods Through reading, writing, and dialogue, philosophy teaches students how to analyze and interpret texts, concepts, and the reasoning of others . You’ll learn how to frame hypotheses and put problems into manageable form . Philosophical thinking emphasizes clear formulation of ideas and problems, selection of pertinent information, and the organization and communication of complex ideas . It also emphasizes development of a sense of the new directions suggested by the hypotheses and questions you might encounter in doing research.

12. 3.Persuasion(Encourage and Influence ) Philosophy teaches students how to develop and support their own positions, interpretations, and analyses . It provides training in the construction of clear formulations, good arguments, and apt examples . you’ll also become more convincing.

13. 4. Writing Skills and Effective Communication Philosophy teaches…….. Interpretive writing C omparative writing, Argumentative writing, and D escriptive writing. Philosophy writing emphasizes clear structure, good arguments, and original ideas. Students learn to be both critical and creative thinkers.

14. Why is philosophy important in research? Philosophical perspectives are important because, choices that are applied to the purpose, design, methodology and methods of the research , as well as to data analysis and interpretation .

15. What are the 3 research philosophies ? Research philosophy is classified as   Metaphysics / ontology, epistemology and axiology . These philosophical approaches enable to decide which approach should be adopted by the researcher and why, which is derived from research questions (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009).

16. What is Philosophy ? ( ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ) Derived from two Greek words. “ Philos ” and “Sophia”. Philos means ‘love of’ and sophia means ‘wisdom’. So the philosophy means “love of wisdom ”. Philosophy gives answers such as, what is reality? What is life for? What is the essence of the universe? etc. Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presuppositions(Assumptions, Beliefs) of any field of study .

17. MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, ( ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ ) knowledge, values, reason, ( ಕಾರಣ ) mind, and ( ಮನಸ್ಸು ) language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental questions.

18. The London Times in an article dealing with the 20th World Congress of Philosophy: " The great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what to think, but how to think . It is the study of meaning, of the principles underlying conduct, thought and knowledge”. Goal of philosophy : improved quality of life. Hence, philosophy is a way of transforming oneself for the better, of what is the study of philosophy. It provides a framework for life and our action . Can be useful in solving educational problems .

19. DEFINITIONS Henderson “Philosophy is a search for comprehensive view of nature and attempt at universal explanation of the nature of things”. John Dewey “Philosophy is critical reviewing of just those formalizer things”. Fichte “Philosophy is the science of knowledge”. Dr. Radhakrishnan “It is logical inquiry in to the nature of reality”.

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is a living force It is way of life It is the oldest and original discipline of thought It is search for truth and reality It is based on inquiry about life and existence It is a logical approach It is ever growing and developing It answers the questions of life

21. FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY Analytical function( ವಿಶ್ಲೇ಼ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ ) Logical function ( ತರ್ಕ ) Theoretical function ( ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ ) Thinking function ( ಆಲೋಚನೆ ) Knowledge function ( ಜ್ಞಾನ ) And Research function ( ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ )

22. PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES Idealism- ಆದರ್ಶವಾದ Ideas Rule the world(Mind and matter Separate) Realism- ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದ Sense organs based reality Pragmatism- ಫಲಪ್ರಮಾಣವಾದ Everything changes from time to time Existentialism- ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವವಾದ Existing is reality Reconstructionism- ಪುನರ್ ರಚನಾವಾದ (A ddressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy) Naturalism- ಪರಿಸರವಾದ nature is supreme Marxism- struggle between social classes ( bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers)

23. PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION BOTH ARE INTER-RELATED AND INTER- DEPENDENT “ Education is the dynamic side of philosophy” – John Adams “True education is practicable only by a true philosophy”- Spencer “Philosophy and Education are like the sides of the same coin”- Ross “Theory (Philosophy) directs practice (Education) practice directs Theory”- Connor Philosophy is the foundation t o decide the goals of life. Education then equips people suitably to achieve the said goals. Philosophy helps in clarifying the numerous educational issues and problems. Great philosophers have been great educationist also

24. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are often held uncritically. We refer to this meaning as the informal sense of philosophy or “having” a philosophy. Usually when a person says “my philosophy is,” he or she is referring to an informal personal attitude to whatever topic is being discussed.

25. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY 2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. These two senses of philosophy— “having” and “doing”— cannot be treated entirely independent of each other. Having a philosophy , however, is not sufficient for doing philosophy . A genuine philosophical attitude is searching and critical ; it is open-minded and tolerant—willing to look at all sides of an issue without prejudice. To philosophize is not merely to read and know philosophy; there are skills of argumentation to be mastered, techniques of analysis to be employed, and a body of material to be appropriated such that we become able to think philosophically.

26. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY 3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. Philosophy seeks to combine the conclusions of the various sciences and human experience into some kind of consistent world view. Philosophers wish to see life , not with the specialized slant of the scientist or the businessperson or the artist, but with the overall view of someone cognizant of life as a totality .

27. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY 4. Philosophy is the logical analysis of language and the clarification of the meaning of words and concepts . In fact, nearly all philosophers have used methods of analysis and have sought to clarify the meaning of terms and the use of language. Some philosophers see this as the main task of philosophy, and a few claim this is the only legitimate function of philosophy.

28. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY 5. Philosophy is a group of ever lasting problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers. Philosophy presses its inquiry into the deepest problems of human existence. Many questions, however, have been answered only tentatively, and many problems remain unsolved. What is truth? What is the distinction between right and wrong? What is life and why am I here? Why is there anything at all?

29. IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about important issues. we learn to take a step back from our everyday thinking and to explore the deeper, bigger question which underpins our thought. Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how to think . Philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities , enabling you to identify and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in any position. It hones your ability to construct and articulate arguments of your own. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly and creatively about problems which do not present immediate solutions. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also develops your ability to think and work independently

30. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Historically, philosophical concerns have been treated under these broad categories: 1. Metaphysics (Theory of Existence ) ತತ್ವ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ 2 . Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge ) ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ 3 . Axiology (Theory of Values) (Ethics and Aesthetics) ಮೌಲ್ಯ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ 4 . Logic ತರ್ಕ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ

31. Ontology  or  Metaphysics : ( meta–beyond, physica –nature) It means, the study or theory of reality. Some questions asked are What is the ultimate reality? Is reality one or many different things? Can reality be grasped by senses? What is it to exist? Which is truth? Is there a supreme being? It is concerned with such problems as the relation of mind to matter, the nature of change , the meaning of “ freedom, ” the existence of God , and the belief in personal immortality( ಅಜರಾಮರ ). 1. METAPHYSICS- ತತ್ವ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ ( ಜೀವನ , ಸತ್ಯ , ವಾಸ್ತವಿಕತೆ , ಆತ್ಮ , ದೇವರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ )

32. Metaphysics : Metaphysics seeks to describe the world on the basis of reason and experience. Metaphysics seeks to answer the questions: Who am I and Why am I here ? Metaphysics is the philosophical investigations of the nature of reality, being or existence. DEFINITIONS OF THE METAPHYSICS P lato – metaphysics is a branch of philosophy whose special concern is to answer the question ‘What is there ?’.

33. SCOPE OF METAPHYSICS Metaphysics is the science of being as being ( ಭೌತಿಕ , ಮನುಷ್ಯನ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ ) Metaphysics is the science of immaterial being-spiritual ಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಿಕ . Metaphysics is the science of the most abstract conceptions.( ಅಮೂರ್ತ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಗಳು ) Metaphysics is the science of the principals Metaphysics is the science of the most universal conception.( ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕ , ಜಗತ್ತು , ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ , ವಿಶ್ವ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಗಳು )

34. 2. EPISTEMOLOGY ( ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ ) ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸ್ವರೂಪ , ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ,ಹುಟ್ಟು,ಸಿಂಧುತ್ವ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ The theory of knowledge is epistemology , which comes from the Greek word episteme , meaning “knowledge .” In general, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the sources, nature, and validity of knowledge. There are three central questions in this field: (1) What are the sources of knowledge ? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಆಕರಗಳು Where does genuine knowledge come from or how do we know? This is the question of origins. (2) What is the nature of knowledge ? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸ್ವರೂಪ Is there a real world outside the mind, and if so can we know it? This is the question of appearance versus reality. (3) Is our knowledge valid? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸಿಂಧುತ್ವ How do we distinguish truth from error? This is the question of the tests of truth, of verification.

35. DEFINITIONS OF EPISTOMOLOGY American Encyclopedia – “It is systematic philosophical investigation of human knowledge”. Britanika Encyclopedia – “Epistemology is the study about nature of knowledge and uses of knowledge”. International Education Encyclopedia – “ Epistemology is theory of knowledge, it is valuable and natural ”.

36. EPISTEMOLOGY The Rationalists ( ವಿಚಾರವಾದಿಗಳು ) hold that human reason alone can discover the basic principles of the universe. The E mpiricists ( ಪ್ರಯೋಗವಾದಿಗಳು ) claim that all knowledge is ultimately derived from sense experience and, thus, that our knowledge is limited to what can be experienced . It should be clear that there is a necessary relation between metaphysics ತತ್ವ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ and epistemology ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ . Conversely , our theory of knowledge depends on our understanding of ourselves in relation to the whole of reality

37. 3. AXIOLOGY/VALUE THEORY- ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ ( ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳ ಸ್ವರೂಪ , ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ , ಹುಟ್ಟು , ಸಿಂಧುತ್ವ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಧಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಮೌಲ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ) Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values. It can be subdivided into ethics ( ನೀತಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ), aesthetics( ಸೌಂದರ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ), and Social and political philosophy ( ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ) Ethics : the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems:  e.g ., (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, ( 2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and ( 3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy. Ethics concerns itself with the question of morality. ( ನೈತಿಕತೆ ) What is right and what is wrong in human relations? We seek to identify, within the range of human conduct, the motives, desires, and intentions as well as overt acts themselves.

38. ETHICS- 3 kinds 1. Descriptive ethics consider the conduct of individuals, or personal morality; the conduct of groups, or social morality; and the culture patterns of national and racial groups. 2. Normative ethics (what ought to be). Here philosophers try to work out acceptable judgments regarding what ought to be in choice and value . “ We ought to keep our promises” and “you ought to be honorable ” are examples of normative judgments— of the moral ought, the subject matter of ethics. 3. The area of critical or metaethics . Here interest is centered on the analysis and meaning of the terms and language used in ethical discourse and the kind of reasoning used to justify ethical statements. What is the meaning of “good?” and Can ethical judgments be justified? are typical problems for metaethics.

39. AESTHETICS- ಸೌಂದರ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ Concerns the theory of art and beauty . Questions of art and beauty are considered to be part of the realm of values because many philosophical problems in aesthetics involve critical judgments . ವಿಮರ್ಶಾತ್ಮಕ ನಿರ್ಣಯಗಳು

40. There are wide differences of opinion as to what objects call forth the aesthetic response, and what beauty really is . Our concepts of beauty may differ not because of the nature of beauty itself. Therefore, if we cannot perceive beauty in objects that others find beautiful , it may be wise to withhold judgment until we are capable ourselves of making a competent analysis of the aesthetic experience.

41. Aesthetics : the study of value in the arts or the inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and related concepts. Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion . E.g. , Is art an intellectual or representational activity? Does art represent sensible objects or ideal objects? Is artistic value objective? Is it merely coincidental that many forms in architecture and painting seem to illustrate mathematical principles? Are there standards of taste? Is there a clear distinction between art and reality?

42. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY (ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ) Social and political philosophy investigates value judgments concerning society, the state, and the individual’s relation to these institutions. The following questions reflect the concerns : Why should individuals live in society? What social ideals of liberty, rights, justice, equality and responsibility are desirable? Why should anyone obey any government? Why should some individuals or groups have political power over others? What criteria are to be used in determining who should have political power? To what positive goals should political power be directed, and what are the criteria for determining this?

43. 4. Logic – ತರ್ಕ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ , ವಾದಗಳ ಸ್ವರೂಪ , ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ , ಹುಟ್ಟು ಸಿಂಧುತ್ವಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ ) Logic is the systematic study of the rules for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rules we can use to distinguish good arguments from bad ones . Most of the great philosophers from Aristotle to the present have been convinced that logic spread all other branches of philosophy. The ability to test arguments for logical consistency , understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for “doing” philosophy

44. What is ethics ? ನೀತಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy .( ನೈತಿಕ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ) The term is derived from the Greek word  ethos  which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition (nature, outlook) Ethics covers the following dilemmas: H ow to live a good life? O ur rights and responsibilities T he language of right and wrong M oral decisions - what is good and bad?

45. Meaning of Ethics: Ethics is also called as moral philosophy or philosophical thinking about morality. This morality has been further elaborated as action and behaviour which is concerned with ‘good’ or ‘evil’, of particular traditions, groups or individual. The term ‘moral’ and ‘ethical’ is often used as equivalent to right or good as opposed to ‘immoral’ and ‘unethical’.

46. Ethics is that science which is concerned with moral behaviour or with right or wrong and good or evil of human behaviour . It advocates those principles which make our conduct moral. The word right is derived from Latin word ‘rectus’, which literally means ‘straight’ or ‘according to rule’. It means that we are concerned with those principles which make our conduct right or straight. Rules are the means and whenever there are means, there must be an end or goal as well. If Right is the mean of conduct , then the question arises that what should be its end . Ethics as a science is not concerned with particular good of the individuals; on the contrary it is concerned with the supreme goal or the ultimate end with reference to which the entire life of individual is directed – the ‘ Summum Bonum ’.

47. MORAL PHILOSOPHY .(ನೈತಿಕ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) One of the big questions in moral philosophy is whether or not there are unchanging moral rules that apply in all cultures and at all times . The moral philosophy involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior . Ethical theories divided into three general subject areas:   Metaethics  investigates where our ethical principles come from , and what they mean. Are they merely social inventions ? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? Normative ethics  takes on a more practical task , which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct . This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow , or the consequences of our behavior on others. Finally,  applied ethics  involves examining specific controversial issues, such as  abortion , infanticide,  animal rights ,  environmental concerns ,  homosexuality ,  capital punishment(Death sentence) , or nuclear  war .

48. ನೈತಿಕ ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳು -Moral values ಸತ್ಯ - Truth ಅಹಿಂಸೆ -Non-violence ದಯೆ -Kindness ಸಮಾನತೆ - Equality ಸಂತೋಷ - happiness ಸ್ನೇಹಪರ - friendship ಶಾಂತಿ -Peace ತಾಳ್ಮೆ - Patience

49. Meaning of moral judgment .(ನೈತಿಕ ನಿರ್ಣಯ ) The moral judgement is the judgement which deals with the moral value or quality of an action . It is a judgement of value and it evaluates the rightness or wrongness of our actions. When we analyse a moral judgement then we find that it contains a ) a subject which will judge, b ) an object whose action will be judged, c ) a standard in conformity to which the action of the subject will be judged and d ) a power of judging the action as required.

50. Moral judgment is the judgment of moral quality of voluntary habitual actions ( ರೂಢಿಯ / ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯದ ಕ್ರಮಗಳು ). Generally, a moral judgment is given on the voluntary and habitual actions of a rational being. They are considered to be right or wrong with the reference to the moral standard . And on the basis of this standard, moral judgment is given . If the voluntary actions have conformity ಆದರ್ಶ ಪ್ರಮಾಣಿತ ಅನುಸರಣೆ with the standard or the ideal, then the moral judgment will express it as the right action. If the action has conflict with the standard or norms, then the moral judgment will express it as wrong. So, moral judgment involves comparison of voluntary acts with the moral standard .

51. Moral judgment is active in nature . Because moral judgment is given upon voluntary and habitual acts of persons ( ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಸ್ವಯಂ / ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕ್ರಮಗಳು )and not upon their passive experiences( ನಿಷ್ಕ್ರೀಯ ಅನುಭವಗಳು ) Moral judgment is social in character . Because, as we know, voluntary acts of a person are right or wrong, because they more or less affect the of interest of others . Man is a social being . His rights and duties of actions rise out of his relation to other persons in society. So, moral judgment, apart from society is inconceivable. Moral judgment can be said to be obligatory ( ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾದ / ಕಟ್ಟುಬಿದ್ದ ) in character. Because a judgment can be given as right, while we feel the moral obligation to do it. Similarly, moral judgment is given on an act as wrong, when we feel the moral obligation to refrain from it. Thus , moral judgment is always accompanied by the sense of duty or moral obligation( ನೈತಿಕ ಕಟ್ಟುಪಾಡು ) . And this moral obligation is essentially self-imposed .

52. Nature of Moral judgment Ethics is a science of morality and it discusses the contents of moral consciousness ( ನೈತಿಕ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆ )and the various problems of moral consciousness. Moral consciousness is the consciousness of right and wrong. It involves three factors 1. Cognitive or intellectual, 2. Affective or emotional, 3. Conative or volitional( ಸಂಕಲ್ಪದ ) Moral judgement is the main cognitive factor in moral consciousness. It involves intuition of moral standard ( ನೈತಿಕ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ ಒಳಜ್ಞಾನ /)by reason and comparison of a voluntary action with it. It also involves evaluation of voluntary action of it as right and wrong. We feel we are under moral obligations to do what is right and avoid what is wrong.

53. Moral judgment is a judgment of values . It is distinct from the judgment of facts. A Judgment of value is a judgment of “what ought to be”. But a judgment of fact is a judgment of “what is”. Judgment of fact is a descriptive judgment, while moral judgment is an appreciative or critical judgment. So, moral judgment is a mental act of pronouncing a particular action to be right or wrong. Moral judgments are always accompanied by moral obligation and moral sentiments, which are not accompanied by logical and aesthetics judgments .

54. When we judge an action to be right , we feel a moral obligation to perform it and have a feeling of approval . And we judge an action to be wrong , we feel that under moral obligation we are not to perform it and therefore, we have a feeling of disapproval . Feeling of approval, disapproval, rightness, wrongness etc. are called moral sentiments. ‘ To speak the truth is always right’ is a moral judgement. Moral judgement is inferential in character though the element of inference generally remains implicit . ನೈತಿಕ ನಿರ್ಣಯವು ಅನುಮಾನಿಸಿ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸುವುದಾಗಿದೆ ಆದರೆ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸುವ ಅಂಶ ಸೂಚ್ಯವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ ( ವ್ಯಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳದಿದ್ದರೂ ಅದೇ ಅರ್ಥ ಕೊಡುವ )

55. Thank You Dr. Jagannath K. Dange Professor Department of Education Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta Dist: Shimoga, Karnataka [email protected] http://jkdange.blogspot.com