Physical development adolescence

Assignment

1. Physical development of childhood and adolescence By 3 rd Group Source : Mc Graw Hill, 10 th edition

2. Physical Development of Childhood

3. EARLY CHILDHOOD BRAIN

4. Three to four weeks after conception, one of the two cell layers of the gelatin like human embryo, about one-tenth of an inch long, starts to thicken and build up along the middle. As the cells continue to divide and this flat neural plate grows, parallel ridges, similar to the creases in a paper airplane, rise across its surface. Within a few days , the ridges fold in toward each other and fuse to form the hollow neural tube. The top of the tube thickens into three bulges that form the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The first signs of the eyes and the hemispheres of the brain appear later in development.

5. B. BODY Grow rapidly between ages 3 and 6, but less quickly than before. The trunk, arms, and legs grow longer. The head is still relatively large, but the other parts of the body continue to catch up as body proportions steadily become more adult like. Muscular and skeletal growth progresses, making children stronger. Cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before. Bones become harder, giving the child a firmer shape and protecting internal organs. Childhood tooth decay remains high, especially among low-SES youngsters in the United By age 3, all the primary, or deciduous, teeth are in place, and the permanent teeth which will begin to appear at about age 6, are developing.

6. C. Motor Skills 3-Year-Old 4-Year-Old 5-Year-Old Cannot turn or stop suddenly or quickly Have more effective control of stopping, starting and turning Can start, turn and stop effectively in games Can jump a distance of 15 to 24 inches Can jump a distance of 24 to 33 inches Can make a running jump of 28 to 36 inches Can ascend a stairway unaided, alternating feet Can descend a long stairway alternating feet Can descend a long stairway unaided alternating feet Can hop, using largely an irregular series of jumps with some variations added Can hop four to six steps on one foot Can easily hop a distance of 16 feet

7. D. The Problems for Early Childhood Night terrors occur mostly between ages 3 and 13, and effetc boys more often than girls Walking and talking during sleep are fairly common in early and middle chilhood It’s best not to interrupt sleep walking or night terrors, as interruptions may confuse and further frighten the child Persistent sleep problems may indicate an emotional, physiological, or neurological condition that needs to be examined It’s happened by staying up too late, eating heavy meal close to bed time, or overexcitement Nor is persistent enuresis primarily an emotional, mental, or behavioral problem – though such problems can develop because of the way bed-wetters are treated by playmates and family Heredity is a factor in the condition, possibly in combination with slow motor maturation, reduced bladder capacity, and slow arousal from sleep In developing world, however, such vaccine-preventable diseases as measles, pertussis (whooping cough), and tuberculosis still take large toll.

8. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Aspects of physical dvelopment in the middle chilhood Growth Starting at the age 6-11 years old Grow about 2 to 3 inches each year The weight approximately double their weight, average 10 years old about 11 pounds . b. Nutrition and sleep Needs 2400 calories every day (should get only 30% of their total calories from fat. Needs about 11 hours a day to sleep at age 5 to a little more, about 10 hours at age 9, and about 9 hours at age 13.

9. c. Motor development Most nonliterate and transitional societies go to work, plus more household labor espescially for girl. Give them time and freedom for physical play. Time play; about 10% of school children’s free play at recess in the early grades consist of rough and tumb play. Organized sports; organized athletic programs will help children improve their motor skills

10. d. Health, Fitness, and Safely Obesity/ overweight Causes of obesity: too much and wrong kinds of food Prevention of obesity : Less time in front of TV and computer, changes in food labeling and more physical activity 2. Vision and Hearing problem Children under 6 yearsbold tend to be far sighted. by age 6, vision typically is more acute and because two eyes are better coordinated, they can focus better .

11. 3. Asthma Asthma is characterized by sudden attacks of choughing , wheezing and difficulty in breathing.caused by some experts point to tightly insulated houses that intensify exposure to indoor environmental toxins and allergens . 4. HIV and AIDS The cause of HIV and AIDS infected may acquired virus from their mothers and the victim of sexual abuse, etc.

12. Physical Development of Adolescence

13. Physical Development Adolescence

14. Begins : hormonal change Puberty begins with a sharp increase in production of sex-related hormones and takes place in two stage : andrenarche and gonadarche Estrogens More in girls Adrenal estrogens Androgens More in boys Testosterone

15. Factors Affecting Reactions to Puberty Physical attractiveness – body image Girls: most want to be smaller, thinner Boys: most want to be bigger Fitting in with peers Prefer similar level of physical maturity

16. Timing and Sign of puberty begins When does puberty begins ? The puberty begins at Girls : 9-13 years old Boys : 10-11 years old What is the sign of the puberty? The sign for puberty are : Girls : Menstruation or menarche Boys : Ejaculation or spermache

17. The sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity Primary For Female Characteristics Age of First Appearance Growth the breasts 6-13 Body growth 6-14 Menarche 9.5-14.5 Growth the pubic hair 10-16.5 Appereance of underarm hair About 2 years after appearance of pubic hair Increased output of oil and sweat producing Glands About the same time as appearance of underarm hair

18. Male Characteristics Age of First Appearance Growth of testes, scrotal sac 9-13.5 Growth of pubic hair 12-16 Body growth 10.5-16 Growth of penis 11-14.5 Change in voice About the same time as growth of penis First ejaculation of semen About 1 year after beginning of growth of penis Appearance of facial and underarm hair About 2 years after appearance of pubic hair Increased output of oil and sweat producing Glands About the same time as appearance underarm hair

19. Secondary Girls Boys Breasts Pubic Hair Pubic Hair Axillary (underarm )hair Axillary (underarm ) hair Muscular development Change in voice Facial Hair Change in skin Change in voice Increased width and depth of pelvis Change in skin Muscular development Broadening of shoulders

20. Consequences of the Timing of Puberty Girls Boys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence More deviant behavior Negative body image More long-term problems Popular Confident, independent Positive body image Late Maturing Popular Sociable, lively, school leaders Positive body image Unpopular Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Negative body image

21. Brain of an Adolescents * Brain development influences behavior, emotion, judgment, self-control, and experiences influence brain development. Brain undergoes physical changes which may be linked to adolescents’ behavior

22. Physical and Mental Health

23. Exercise affect both physical and mental health. It improves strength and endurance, help build healthy bones and muscles, help control weight, reduces anxiety and stress and increase self confidence and well being. The physical activities for boys is more than girls Many Adolescents do not get enough sleep. Average nighttime sleep declines from more than ten hours at age 9 to slightly less than eight hours at age 16. A pattern of late bedtimes and oversleeping in the morning can contributes to insomnia, a problem that often begins in late childhood or adolescence. Physical Activities Sleep Needs

24. Nutrition and Eating Disorders Calorie needs increase Poor food choices common: Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast More soda, sweets, fast food Iron, vitamin deficiencies Eating with family can help

25. EATING DISORDERS Obesity ~15.5% of American adolescents are seriously overweight Many adolescents are concerned about their weight Most attempt to control it in ineffective ways Obesity in adolescence is related to a variety of serious health risks in later life Physical attractiveness – body image Girls: most want to be smaller, thinner Boys: most want to be bigger Anorexia nervosa Eat very little out of fear of getting fat Poses serious health hazards Bulimia nervosa May retain normal weight Binge eat (large quantity of food in short period of time) Purge by vomiting, using laxatives, or exercising excessively

26. In normal surroundings, the prevalence of depression increase during adolescence. Depression

27. Use and Abuse of Drugs Have tried, by grade 10: Cigarettes – 40% Alcohol – 63% Illegal drugs – 38% By end of high school: 14% smoke regularly 28% recent heavy drinking 50%+ tried illegal drugs

28. Use and Abuse of Drugs from