Physical features Of India

NCERT based class ix
“The land of India displays great physical variations”. Based on physical features, India physical geography is broadly divided into the following sections-The great mountain of North; Northern Plain ; Peninsular Plateau; Coastal Plains; Desert; Islands

1. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA Relief  Structure Major Physiographic Unit

2. ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FORMATION OF LANDFORMS THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS Crust of earth made up of seven major and some minor plates. Movement caused stresses with in the plates and continental rocks. KV

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4. SEVEN MAJOR PLATES OF THE EARTH Indi-Australian plate South-American plate Pacific plate North American plate Antarctic plate Eurasian plate African plate KV

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6. THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS LOFTIEST YOUNG FOLD MOUNTAINS. RUGGED MOUNTAIN BARRIERS OF THE WORLD. FORMED FEW YEARS AGO BY FOLDING THE EARTH CRUST. KV

7. Page: 10 They form an arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 Km. Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 Km in Arunachal Pradesh. KV

8. FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS According to theory of tectonic plates the earth’s crust was initially a single , giant landmass called PANGEA. Northern part known as Angara land, Southern part was known as the Gondwana Land The crust was split due to convectional currents Drift of Indo-Australian plate towards north. Northern drift resulted in the collision with the Eurasian Plate Accumulation in the geosyncline (known as TETHYs) in the sedimentary rock due to collision were folded to form to form Mountain system in western Asia. KV

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10. PURVACHAL OR THE EASTERN HILLS AND MOUNTAINS . Bharamputra river Hills running through the north-eastern states. Composed of strong sandstones, (sedimentary rocks). Covered with dense forests, (run as parallel ranges and valleys). Comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills. KV

11. CHECK POINT 01(G2) Distinguish between Convergent Boundaries, Divergent Boundaries and transform Boundaries. Describe how the Himalayas are formed? Which hills are called Purvanchal? How Purvanchal or Eastern hills formed? Classify Himalayas on the basis of Sections from the west to east 2. longitudinal ranges On the political map of India mark the following (A)Mountain Ranges: The Karakoram, The Zaskar, The Shiwalik , The Aravali , The Vindhya, The Satpura , Western & Eastern ghats (B) Mountain Peaks – K2, Kanchan Junga , Anai Mudi Note: use your previous year maps for map work or try to trace your map.

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13. THE NORTHERN PLAINS KV

14. Check point 02 (G2) 1.Give an account of the Northern plains of India. KV

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16. FEATURES OF HIMALAYAN REGION &PENINSULAR PLATEAU HIMALAYAN REGION PENINSULAR PLATEAU Young fold mountains formed by uplift of the strata of sedimentary rocks Created from metamorphic and igneous rock after splitting from Gondwana Loftiest mountains and deep valley Broad and shallow valley and rounded hills I-shaped ranges U-shaped valleys Horsts rift valleys and troughts Origin of perennial river Rain fed seasonal valley Unstable zone Stable zone KV

17. Western Ghats Eastern Ghats 1. mark the Western edges of the plateau. mark the Eastern edges of the plateau. 2. parallel and continuous hill ranges with no gaps. Irregular and have gaps through which rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal. 3. average height - 900-1600 metres average height -600 metres 4. The highest peaks include the Anai Mudi and the Doda Betta . Mahendragiri is the highest peak 5. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain The Eastern Ghats do not cause orographic rain. KV

18. DECCAN PLATEAU The Deccan Plateau is a part of the Peninsular Plateau. It is triangular in shape and lies to the south of river Narmada . It is higher in the west and slopes gently towards the east. DECCAN TRAP: Black Soil Area Formed by lava that came out during volcanic activity Rich in minerals and hence, very important for industrial development. KV

19. CENTRAL HIGHLANDS Lie to the north of river Narmada, C overing -Malwa plateau Chottanagpur plateau of the Peninsular plateau. R ivers: Ken , Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Damodar , Flow from south-west to north-east indicating the slope of the land. The Central Highlands -wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions- Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand . the extension takes it to the Chotanagpur Plateau. KV

20. Check Point 03 (G2) Distinguish between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats The Himalayan Region and Peninsular Plateau 2. Write a short note on Central highlands and Deccan plateau

21. COASTAL PLAINS The Peninsular plateau is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. Narrow Wide and level Three sections. Two divisions Northern- Konkan , Central stretch- Kannad Plain Southern-Malabar Coast. Northern-Northern Circar Southern-Coromandel Coast. No deltas Rivers like Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri , Godavari form deltas. KV

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24. Check point 04 (G2) Answer the following questions briefly. Which continents of today were part of the Gondwana Land? Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges? (iii) Distinguish between Western Coastal Plain and Eastern coastal Plain (iv)Write a short notes on Indian Desert The Islands groups of India

25. Assignment 01 (G2) Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as Coast Peninsula Island none of the above 2. Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called as (a) Himachal (c) Purvanchal (b) Uttaranchal (d) none of the above 3. The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as Coromandal Kannad Konkan Northern Circar 4. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Anai Mudi Mahendragiri Kanchenjunga Khasi