physical science lesson Power point presentation

This is for education purposes.

1. PHYSICAL SCIENCE

2. UNIT I: MATTER: ORIGIN, STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION CHEMISTRY - study of matter . Objective: Explain the formation of light and heavy elements in the context of primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis.

3. ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS Have you ever wonder, what is the purpose of stars?

4. Their biggest role involves the formation of elements, and therefore the origin of all matter.

5. Big Bang Theory provides an explanation for the formation of light elements, which later evolved into heavier elements through stellar evolution.

6. Take note: Big Bang Theory- is not a theory about the origin of the universe rather, it is a description or model of the early universe- Foundations of Big Bang Cosmology, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

7. Scientists believe that the formation of the universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom which happened 13.8 billion years ago. It is known as the Big Bang . It became a theory that also explains the continuous expansion of the universe.

8. Key Questions: 1. Which elements emerged from the primordial nucleosynthesis? 2. Which elements emerged from stellar nucleosynthesis? 3. How do elements heavier than iron formed? 4. What principles are observed in writing nuclear equations?

9. Pre-test. True or False. The big bang theory explains how the stars formed in the early universe. The universe was once compact and has continuously expanded through time. Heavy elements, such as neon and magnesium, were produced during the big bang. Nuclear fusion is the reaction through which light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus. Energy may be released during element formation in the universe.

10. Elements that compose matter originated in the early universe. Light Elements- formed from the interaction between and among the particles that compose the universe during the big bang. Heavy Elements - produced during star formation and evolution.

11. LESSON 1: THE ORIGIN OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS Key Question: Which Elements emerged from the primordial nucleosynthesis? The Big Bang Theory Big bang theory- most popular attempt to describe the early universe. It was first proposed by Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaitre (1894-1966). (The theory was not named by him). The big bang postulates that the universe emerged from a state of enormous density and energy. Fred Hoyle (1949) a British Astronomer- named the theory “big bang”

12. The theory was made in response to Einstein’s work. In 1917, Albert Einstein proposed that the universe is spatially bound (finite) static, spherical, perfectly symmetric cosmos, with matter homogeneously distributed everywhere

13. In 1927, Lemaitre argued that Einstein’s model was not physically realistic. Since, slight variation on homogeneity would result in a loss in equilibriums resulting into expansion or contraction Lemaitre published a paper stating the universe is constantly expanding and cooling, it was not a static universe as Einstein previously described.

14. 3 Key Observational Evidences support the Big Bang Model Hubble or Cosmic Expansion Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. (BBN)

15. By the early 1930s, American astronomer Edwin Hubble made a major discovery at Mount Wilson Observatory in California, USA. Using the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, had identified Cepheids in a numerous spiral nebulae called galaxies including the Andromeda Nebula. Cepeids - class of variable stars This led discovery of other galaxies Edwin Hubble and his Assistant, Milton Humason , formulated Hubble’s Law or Hubble Expansion. States that, other galaxies are moving away relative to the milky way at a rate proportional to distance.

16. The first few minutes after the big bang, nuclear reaction occurred due to high temperature of the universe. This reaction began with the fusion of protons and neutrons. Forming nuclei in the process of NUCLEOSYNTHESIS. PRIMORDIAL or BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS- formed the light elements.

17. LIGHT ELEMENTS Include Hydrogen Isotopes PROTIUM or HYDROGEN-1, Deuterium- Hydrogen-2, Helium-3, Helium-4 and Lithium-7 Isotopes are atom of an element with different number of neutrons. Can be represented in 3 ways. 1,2. Write the name or symbol of the element, followed by a dash and its mass number. Ex: Hydrogen-1, H-1 3. Write the symbol of the element and place its mass number and atomic number as left superscript and subscript, respectively.

18. Right after Big Bang, protons and neutrons combined together and formed light elements Hydrogen and Helium in the process of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis . Other light elements such as Lithium and Beryllium were also formed during this process.

19. Stellar Nucleosynthesis The word “stellar” means star and the formation of elements in the center of the star is called stellar nucleosynthesis. Carl Sagan said that “We are made of star stuff.” If we know how some important heavy elements were formed same as stars, that maybe a clue.

20. Star Life Cycle Average Star The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of hydrogen in its core leading to its contraction and expansion. It cools down and glows red. The Helium fused into Carbon. The star is now RED GIANT . Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. The remnant is known as WHITE DWARF. Giant cloud of gas and dust known as NEBULA. It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited. A PROTOSTAR rises.

21. Star Life Cycle MAIN SEQUENCE STAR starts to form when nuclear fusion occurs at the core of the star, it begins to contract, glow and become stable. Hydrogen is converted into Helium. This is said to be the remain of the white dwarf that cooled down and no longer emits light and heat. The hypothetical BLACK DWARF.

22. Star Life Cycle Massive star It is believed that a NEUTRON STAR is formed from supernova explosion. This is also the smallest star Explosion of star or SUPERNOVA releases large amount of energy . Because of that, elements are dispersed into the space.

23. Star Life Cycle Massive star BLACK HOLE is a region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter can escape from it. A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than low mass star and will turn into RED SUPER GIANT star, the largest known star. Carbon fusion still occurs and Oxygen formed.

24. Star Life Cycle NEBULA RED GIANT MAIN SEQUENCE STAR PROTOSTAR NEUTRON STAR BLACK DWARF WHITE DWARF RED SUPER GIANT SUPERNOVA BLACK HOLE MASSIVE STAR AVERAGE STAR

25. Formation and Synthesis of Heavier Elements 1 p+ 1 n0 21 H Fusion of 1 proton and 1 neutron

26. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements Star formation theory “states that stars are formed when a dense region of molecular cloud collapses”. During this process, fragments of clouds contract and form a stellar core known as protostar . Throughout the reaction, neutrinos and positrons are released, slowing down the reaction. Once the contraction stops and the protostar attains its gravitational equilibrium, a main sequence star will be formed.

27. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements T he gravitational force of a main sequence star forces hydrogen and helium to fuse resulting to burning of the 2 primordial elements. A t this stage, helium is converted to carbon at the core while hydrogen is converted into helium surrounding the core which denotes the formation of red giant .

28. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements On the other hand, since massive stars possess enough energy, mass, temperature, and pressure, the star will undergo a series of stages where heavier elements are fused around the shell of the core whereas carbon will be formed through helium fusion , neon will be formed through oxygen fusion, magnesium from neon fusion , silicon from magnesium fusion, and iron from silicon fusion which denotes the formation of red giant .

29. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements Considering that the majority of helium surrounding the core has been converted into carbon, the rate of reaction will decrease causing the gravitational force to act squeezing the entire star. With low mass stars, considering that the amount of energy is not enough to sustain the reaction, and that the star’s fuel has been exhausted, the outer material covering the star will eventually be blown-off leaving an inert carbon core resulting to the formation of white dwarf .

30. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements

31. Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Heavier Elements The first 3 minutes of Big Bang focused primarily on the expansion and cooling of universe so as to the synthesis of the first three elements. On the other hand, the second cosmological event is Stellar nucleosynthesis , a process in which heavier e lements such as Beryllium (4Be) and Iron (26Fe) were formed by combining protons and neutrons from the nuclei o f a lighter elements.

32. Stable Helium reacts with Carbon to produce oxygen and gamma rays under extreme gravitational force and temperature. Oxygen as the product of the initial reaction then reacts with Helium to form Neon and gamma rays ( 42 He + 168 O 2010 Ne + 00 γ). The third reaction involves carbon reacting with another Carbon forming Magnesium and gamma ray ( 126 C + 126 C 2412 Mg + 00 γ). On the other hand, Oxygen to Oxygen fusion will create Silicon, alpha particle (Helium) and gamma rays as product. ( 168 O + 168 O 2814 Si + 42 He + 00 γ). The process will continue to form heavier elements from lighter ones, but not heavier than Iron with atomic mass of 26. Lastly, supernova happens when the core can no longer produce the needed energy to resist gravitational force, leading to its explosion and release of large amounts of energy.

33. Pieces of Evidence One remarkable evidence to support stellar nucleosynthesis and star formation theory is the discovery of interstellar dusts and gasses which justifies the stages of stellar formation which are happening across the universe. In addition, infrared radiation being emitted in the process of stellar formation serves as a strong indication that stellar nucleosynthesis is a concurrent with stellar formation and evolution.

34. Atomic Number and Synthesis of New Elements Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Mosely - an English chemist arranged the elements in the periodic table by using atomic number as basis. - This allowed him to identify and predict any element considering the number of protons which is equal to the atomic number. - he emphasized that adding proton to an element increases its atomic number and that new element will be formed.

35. Nuclear Reaction Alpha Emission : a particle with two protons and two neutrons is emitted resulting to a lighter new element. U  Th + He 2. Beta Emission: a neutron becomes a proton, and an electron will be ejected resulting to a new element with the same mass. I  Xe + e 3. Gamma Emission: gamma ray will be emitted when a radioactive nuclide leaves a nucleus in an excited state . Ba  Ba + γ-photon   Type of Emission/Radioactive Decay

36. Radioactive Decay/ Emission

37. Definition of Terms Gamma Ray is electromagnetic radiation with a relatively short wavelength emitted during gamma decay and other reactions. Radioactive Nuclei refers to an unstable nucleus that spontaneously emits particles and energy throughout the radioactive decay process. Supernova is a star that blows apart and releases a large amount of energy. Star formation theory proposes that stars were formed due to the collapsing of a dense region of molecular clouds. Stellar nucleosynthesis refers to the process by which elements are formed within the star during star formation and evolution. Concept to remember……..