Physical Science W1 identity of the atom

PHysical science

1. ATOMS IN THE UNIVERSE Week 1

2. Performance Task: G oal: The goal is to demonstrate the relevance of Einstein’s theory in both scientific and practical contexts. R ole: You are a science communicator tasked with creating an engaging and informative video. Your role is to present complex scientific concepts in a way that is accessible and relatable to a general audience, highlighting the theory’s significance in everyday life and technological advancements. A udience: Your audience includes peers, educators, and the general public. They are interested in understanding the Theory of Relativity's impact beyond theoretical physics and its implications for human life and technology. S ituation: You are producing this video as part of a science outreach initiative. The objective is to bridge the gap between advanced scientific theories and their practical implications, making complex concepts understandable and relevant to a broader audience. P roduct: A well-researched and creatively edited video presentation that clearly explains the Theory of Relativity and its impact on various aspects of human life, such as technology, space exploration, and daily life applications. The video should be engaging, accurate, and informative, utilizing visuals, animations, and examples to support the explanation. S tandard: The video should demonstrate a clear understanding of the Theory of Relativity, including key concepts like time dilation, mass-energy equivalence, and spacetime curvature. It should effectively communicate how these concepts impact technological advancements, space exploration, and practical applications. The presentation should be well-organized, with high-quality visuals and sound, and should adhere to appropriate length and format guidelines.

3. Objectives Give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory Describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution, including the nuclear fusion reactions that occur, leading to the synthesis of new elements. Provide evidence for these processes. W rite the nuclear reactions involved in the synthesis of new elements Describe how elements heavier than iron are formed

4. is based on the consists of the existence of basic unit called is studied to understand Physical World matter Atom

5. Timeline 0-10 —36 s 0-10 —32 - 3 min 3-20 min Million Years Inflation From point of singularity, extreme rapid exponential expansion occurred Fundamental Particles Soup Fundamental particles such as bosons, quarks, hadrons, and leptons are formed. Nucleo - synthesis Proton-proton chain produced hydrogen, helium Birth of a Star Nucleosynthesis form hydrogen and helium with trace amounts of lithium, beryllium, and boron. Red Giant Stars Triple alpha process and CNO cycle produced carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen Supergiant Stars Heavier elements up to iron were produced Supernovae Natural elements heavier than iron up to uranium were formed

6. 1.1-2 Basic Unit of the Physical World

7. Physical Science - study of the physical world, involving matter and energy

8. Atom is the basic unit of matter. Nucleus – a highly dense core at the center of the atom Protons – positively charged particles Neutrons – neutral particles Electrons – negatively charged particles Nucleons

9. Particle Charge Mass (kg) Relative Mass Proton +1 1.67262 x10 -27 1 amu Neutron 1.67493 x10 -27 1 amu Electron -1 9.10938 x10 -31 0.000545 amu (1/1836)

10. Two Fundamental Forces Electromagnetic force – present in the attraction and repulsion of electric charges as well as magnets Makes the electrons and proton attract each other, and the protons repel each other Strong Nuclear Force – binds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Force that opposes the electromagnetic force

11. Radioactive – the behavior of a particle where particles are ejected - it’s nucleus decays spontaneously, releasing its surplus energy Three types of radiation: Alpha particle – consists of two protons and two neutron - Alpha radiation has low penetration power and can be stopped by a piece of paper 2. Beta particle – an energetic, high-speed electron or positron - Beta radiation has greater penetration power than alpha particle. This makes beta particles pass through the skin and into the tissue. 3. Gamma rays – unlike the alpha and bet particles, gamma rays are photons that are considered as a form of light with highest amount of energy - gamma rays has the highest penetration power among the three ration types which makes it the most dangerous if its source is outside the body

12. 1.3 Identity of the Element Henry Moseley - a English physicist, introduced this fundamental idea. Number of protons = atomic number (Z) = identity of the atom Dmitri Mendeleev – Russian chemist and inventor, the first to arrange the elements in the periodic table

13. 1.4 Origin of the Elements First ninety-two elements are found in nature, except for technetium (Z = 43) and promethium (Z = 61), which are synthetic or man-made elements. Direct observation on how elements are formed was not possible before 19000 because of the absence of technology to detect ongoing elemental transformation. When telescope was invented, and when celestial bodies were studied in the late 1920s, Georges Lemaître and Edwin Powell Hubble , a Belgian astrophysicist and American astronomer, respectively, observed that new stars are formed leading to the theory that the universe is expanding.

14. 1.4 Origin of the Elements The elements in the latest version of the periodic table shows the current list of elements found in nature and in our present-day universe. The first ninety-two elements are found in nature, except for technetium (Z = 43) and promethium (Z = 61), which are synthetic or man-made elements. The rest of the elements with atomic number greater than 92 (Z > 92) is also artificially prepared in the laboratory.

15. 1.4 Origin of the Elements Georges Lemaître and Edwin Powell Hubble , a Belgian astrophysicist and an American astronomer, respectively, observed that new stars are formed leading to the theory that the universe is expanding.

16. 1.5 Big Bang Theory and the Birth of a Star The creationism presents the universe as created with divine intelligent design starting from the creation of light, followed by separation of the land and the sky, and so on . The currently accepted explanation is the big bang theory in which the universe, together with space, time and matter started from a singularity. That is an extremely hot and very dense point. Scientist agreed that instead of an explosion, immediate expansion of the universe happened in less than a second, which is called inflation .

17. 1.5 Big Bang Theory and the Birth of a Star As it expanded, it eventually cooled down to a temperature ideal for protons and neutrons to combine into a nucleus. This process of forming nuclei is called nucleosynthesis . The first atom formed is the lightest element, hydrogen (H). It has one proton and on electron.

18. 1.6 Isotopes and Nuclear Fusion The combination of nuclei into heavier nucleus is called nuclear fusion .