and formulate a testable hypothesis or educated guess to describe a
phenomenon or explain an observation, test the hypothesis experi-
mentally or by collecting data from observations, and draw conclu-
sions from the results. Data can eliminate a hypothesis, but never
confirm it with absolute certainty; scientists may accept a hypothe-
sis as true when sufficient supporting evidence has been obtained.
The process sounds entirely straightforward, but sometimes
advancements in science do not follow such a logical approach.
Because humans make the observations, generate the hypothesis,
carry out the experiments, and draw the conclusions, students of
science must recognize the personal dimension of science.
Pioneers in Science is a set of volumes that profile the people
behind the science, individuals who initiated new lines of thought or
research. They risked possible failure and often faced opposition but
persisted to pave new pathways of scientific exploration. Their back-
grounds vary tremendously; some never graduated from secondary
school, while others earned multiple advanced degrees. Familial
affluence allowed some to pursue research unhindered by financial
concerns, but others were so poor they suffered from malnutrition
or became homeless. Personalities ranged from exuberant to somber
and gentle to stubborn, but they all sacrificed, giving their time,
insight, and commitment because they believed in the pursuit of
knowledge. The desire to understand kept them going when they
faced difficulties, and their contributions moved science forward.
The set consists of eight volumes: Biology, Chemistry, Earth
Science, Marine Science, Physics, STS (Science, Technology, and Society),
Space and Astronomy,and Weather and Climate.Each book contains
10 biographical sketches of pioneering individuals in a subject,
including information about their childhood, how they entered into
their scientific careers, their research, and enough background sci-
ence information for the reader to appreciate their discoveries and
contributions. Though all the profiled individuals are certainly dis-
tinguished, their inclusion is not intended to imply that they are the
greatest scientists of all time. Rather, the profiled individuals were
selected to reflect a variety of subdisciplines in each field, different
histories, alternative approaches to science, and diverse characters.
Each chapter includes a chronology and a list of specific references
xPhysics