PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF FRUITS

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
OF FRUITS
MANGO
BANANA
CITRUS
GRAPES
GUAVA
SUPPOTA
PAPAYA
POMEGRANATE
PINEAPPLE

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF FRUITS Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

2. CONCENTS 1 MANGO 2 BANANA 3 CITRUS 4 GRAPES

3. CONCENTS 1 GUAVA 2 PAPAYA 3 SAPOTA 4 POMOGRANATE 5 PINEAPPLE

4. MANGO

5. MANGO MALFORMATION Floral Malformation Vegetative Malformation Growing of thick vegetative shoots at the growing tip and transformation of floral
parts into compact mass of sterile flowers and giving appearance like “bunchy top

6. MANGO MALFORMATION Two types: Vegetative and floral malformation • A physiological disorder affecting inflorescence (floral malformation) and shoots (vegetative malformation).
• Involvement of mites (Acaria mangiferae) and fungus (Fusarium moniliformae) is also highlighted.
• Biotic and Abiotic stress reported for causes
• Incidence is severe in North India.
• Spraying of 200 ppm NAA with a fungicide and acaricide in October followed by deblossoming at bud-burst stage is known to give control over this melody. Cyclohexamide at 50 ppm can be used for deblossoming.

7. ALTERNATE BEARING

8. ALTERNATE BEARING •Mango tree heavily bear fruits in one year (on year) and a much reduced crop in the following year (off year). •Draining out of CHO and N reserves during „on year‟ is known to lead to a lean crop in the „off yer ‟ as they are important for fruit bud initiation e.i high C/N ratio helps for fruit bud initiation •Varieties with axillary fruit bearing habit posses less than terminal bearing • Many commercial varieties are irregular bearers. • Totapuri , Neelum , and hybrids in which Neelum is involved as one of the parents are regular bearers.

9. ALTERNATE BEARING Measures to control alternate or biennial bearing • Proper up keeping and maintenance of orchard
• Deblossoming • Girdling and ringing the bark
• Smuding • Chemical regulation: Paclobutrazol ( Cultar ) @ 5ml a.i , dissolved in 10lit of water and drench along the basin 90cm apart from stem.

10. BLACK TIP

11. BLACK TIP The distal end of the fruit first exhibits etiolated patches, later running black followed by discolorations and necrosis of the mesocrap . Symptoms: • Gases like SO2, Ethylene and CO affect the fruits.
• The distal end of the fruit turns black and get hardened.
• Affected fruits become ripe pre maturely and unmarketable.
• Exuding a brown gummy substance

12. BLACK TIP Remedies: • Brick kilns should be allowed to establish at least 2 km away from the mango orchard.
• Chimney height should be increased to at least 18 to 20 m.
• Spray borax (0.6%) + caustic soda (0.8%) thrice (a) Before flowering. (b) During flowering
(c) At fruit-set stage.

13. SPONGY TISSUE SOFT TISSUE

14. Non edible sour patch develops in the mesocarp of mango fruit called as spongy tissue. • Normal and attractive fruits on cutting reveal spongy development in the flesh.
• This malady increase with increased nitrogen application
• Fruits with low calcium content are affected
• Heat arising from the soil inactivate the ripening enzymes
• The fruits have a bad odour and become unmarketable. SPONGY TISSUE

15. Remedies: •Harvest fruits at ¾th maturity stage. •Apply calcium containing fertilizers like calcium ammonium nitrate . • Use of sod culture Varieties susceptible: Alphanso . Olour , Totapuri Varieties resistant: Arka Puneet SPONGY TISSUE

16. BANANA

17. CHOKE THROAT

18. CHOKE THROAT Symptoms

This disorder results from low temperature. Due to low temperature yellowing of leaves occurs and under severe conditions the leaves become necrotic. The low temperature at the time of flowering effects the bunch formation. Under normal conditions the bunch emerges from pseudo stem but when temperature is low it do not emerge properly from pseudo stem.

The maturity time of bunch is extended up to 5-6 months than 3.5-4 months. This order is called choke throat because in the inflorescence distal part comes out but the basal part becomes tapered at the throat.

19. CHOKE THROAT Management

The management of choke throat includes the use of varieties that tolerate low temperature and the use of eucalyptus as a shelter belt check the effect of cold wind.

20. CHILLING INJURY

21. Symptoms

The chilling of banana occurs or results when the pre-or post-harvest temperature falls below 14oC.The symptoms include uneven ripening, watery dark patches on skin, dull yellow to smoky yellow color of the ripening fingers. Brown streaks are also observed on the vascular bundle of the sub epidermal layer. These are resulting from enzymatic oxidation of dihydroxy phenyl alanine. Management

Avoid to store the fruits at temperature below 13oC (55oF). This disorder can be easily circumvented in Mussa cultivars by storing at a temperature above threshold level. CHILLING INJURY

22. KOTTAI VAZHAI

23. KOTTAI VAZHAI Symptoms

This disorder seriously effects the Pooran variety of banana and results in 10-25% reduction in yield. This disorder is characterized by the presence of sharp, tapered and ill filled fruits that have seedy structure in their central core. That makes the fruits inedible. The symptoms of this disorder do not appear at the earlier stages. Management

It can be managed by spraying 20ppm (1g in 50L of water) 2, 4-D. by applying this the seediness of the fruits can be completely controlled and make the fruits good in quality.

24. FINGER DROP

25. FINGER DROP Symptoms

It is a disorder in which the pedicle become soft and weak. The individual fruits can be dissociated from the bunch very easily during ripening. Management

Provide ventilation and temperature of 18oC to the fruits for ripening. Use ethylene (1ml/L) for the ripening of fruits for 24-48hours at on temperature of 14-18oC and 90-95% relative humidity. Use carton for the packing of the fruit bunches.

26. PEEL SPLITTING

27. Symptoms

In this disorder the peel of the fruit is splitted into bisects and consequently the pulp is exposed as the cracks widens. Management

Provide ventilation and temperature of 18oc to the fruits for ripening. Use ethylene (1ml/L) for the ripening of fruits for 24-48 hours at on temperature of 14-18oC and 90-95% relative humidity. Use carton for the packing of the fruit bunches. PEEL SPLITTING

28. CITRUS

29. FRUIT CRACKING

30. It is due to sudden changes in temperature and also due to moisture stress condition. Cracking of fruits may be radial or transverse. Secondary infection is also possible due to Aspergillus, Fusarium or Alternaria FRUIT CRACKING

31. GRANULATION

32. GRANULATION The juice vesicles become hard, enlarged and turn opaque grayish in colour . The density of pulp is increased, juice contains increased minerals (Calcium, sodium,
potassium) and decreased carbohydrate and organic acid. It results in lignification of juice cells that leads to formation of sclerenchyma High humidity and fluctuation in temperature are the major factors. Young trees are more prone to granulation than older trees.

33. BORON DEFFICIENCY

34. The deficiency causes yellowish translucent spots accompanied by leaf distortion or deformation. Mature and old leaves may show corky veins. They may be somewhat twisted or totted. Immature fruits become hard and somewhat misshaped. To control various leaf deficiencies, a combined spray of different microelements at a concentration of 25-50 ppm depending on the intensity of deficiency is generally applied. It is very likely that some of the components of such a spray would be a waste, if the trees are really not deficient in those elements. Copper and zinc are antagonistic when sprayed togeth BORON DEFFICIENCY

35. SUNB URN

36. The portion that is exposed to sun develops yellow patches which turn brown and
become hard. The inner portion becomes dessicated and discoloured. Affected fruits are malformed and have low juice content SUNB URN

37. CITRUS DECLINE

38. Also known as citrus dieback. Growth becomes stunted, mottling of leaves, turn yellow and are shed. There is excess flowering and poor fruit set. Affected fruits are subjected sun blotching. Presence of calcium carbonate or clay is harmful and leads to decline. Incompatibility of rootstock and scion, salinity, water logging and mismanagement of citrus orchard are causes to citrus decline. CITRUS DECLINE

39. GRAPES

40. Flower-bud, flower and berry-drop

41. This problem has been reported from the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan in North India. The malady has been investigated and the association of a number of factors such as, improper nitrogen application, improper fertilization, ambient temperature, heavy crop load, uneven ripening and endogenous auxin deficiency at a particular stage of berry development are reported to cause the malady Flower-bud, flower and berry-drop

42. BLOSSOM END ROT

43. BLOSSOM END ROT A black sunken spot develops at the blossom-end of the berry which later on spreads with water-soaked region around it. Defective calcium nutrition and assimilation appear to be the cause for it. Spray of 1.0 per cent calcium nitrate may correct it.

44. GUAVA

45. GUAVA WILT

46. GUAVA WILT First symptoms start with the onset of monsoon. Appearance of light yellow foliage with loss of turgidity and epinasty.
Plants, at a later stage, show unthriftyness. Subsequently, premature shedding and defoliation.
Some of the twigs become bare and fail to bring forth new leaves or flowers and eventually dry up. Fruits of all the affected branches remain underdeveloped, hard and stony. Later, the entire plant is defoliated and eventually dies.
The roots also show rotting at the basal region and the bark is easily detachable from the cortex. Light brown discoloration is also noticed in vascular tissues.
The pathogen attacks young as well as old fruit bearing trees but older trees are more prone to the disease.

47. FRUIT ROT

48. The symptom starts at calyx disc of the fruit during rainy season.
Affected area is covered with whitish cotton like growth which develops very fast as the fruit matures and pathogen is able to cover almost the entire surface within a period of 3-4 days during humid weather.
Under high relative humidity, the fruits near the soil level covered with dense foliage are most severely affected. The fallen fruits are badly affected.
The skin of the fruit below the whitish cottony growth becomes a little soft, turns light brown to dark FRUIT ROT

49. FRUIT CANKER

50. FRUIT CANKER Symptoms occur generally on green fruits and rarely on leaves.
Initially minute, brown or rust coloured, unbroken, circular, necrotic areas appears on fruits, which in advanced stage of infection; tears open the epidermis in a circinate manner.
The margin of lesion is elevated and a depressed area is noticeable inside. The crater like appearance is more noticeable on fruits than on leaves. In older cankers, white myceliums consisting of numerous spores are noticeable.
In severe cases, raised, cankerous spots develop in great numbers and the fruits break open to expose seeds
Infected fruits remain underdeveloped, become hard, malformed and mummified and drop. Sometimes, small rusty brown angular spots appear on the leaves.

51. STYLER END ROT

52. STYLER END ROT The visible disease symptom appears as discoloration in the region lying just below and adjoining the persistent calyx. Such area gradually increases in size and turn dark brown.
Later the affected area becomes soft. Along with the discoloration of epicarp, the mesocarp tissue also shows discoloration and the diseased area is marked by being pulpy and light brown in colour in contrast to the bright white colour of the healthy area of the mesocarp

53. PAPAYA

54. BORON DEFICIENCY

55. BORON DEFICIENCY Boron deficiency is one of the serious disorders limiting yield in papaya. It results in malformed fruits. Spraying of boric acid 0.1% at 3 months interval from sixth month after planting onwards correct the deficiency.

56. SKIN FRECKLES Causes
The cause and factors that influence this disorder are unknown. Freckle-like blemishes
occurred on ripe papaya fruits (cv. Sunset). Young fruits (less than 40 days old) were free from
freckle. The freckle diameter increase during the last phase of fruit growth as the fruits
approached the maturity. More freckle were seen on the exposed side of the fruit away from the
stem.
Remedies
Wrapping young fruits in white paper bags significantly reduced freckle incidence.

57. MALFORMED FRUITS Causes This melody is due to boron deficiency and it is one of the serious disorders limiting yield
in papaya. It results in malformed fruits. Remedies Spraying of boric acid 0.1% at 3 months interval from sixth month after planting onwards
correct the deficiency.

58. SAPOTA

59. FRUIT DROP

60. Sapota has the problem of low fruit setting and shedding. Only about 10-12 per cent of the total fruits set, develop and retained until maturity. Most of the fruit-drop occurs immediately after fruit setting. Increase in fruitset and retention are possible by spraying NAA and GA3 at 25 to 100 ppm during flowering and at 15-day interval (Rathod and Amin, 1981) FRUIT DROP

61. POMEGRANATE

62. FRUIT CRACKING

63. Fruit cracking is a serious problem of pomegranate. The malady is thought to be due to boron deficiency in young fruits while in developed fruits it may be caused due to variations in soil moisture content and atmospheric humidity. At the time of fruit ripening, if the soils become too dry and then irrigated heavily or there is some rains, cracking may occur. Some cultivars, like Guleshan, Khog, Kazaki are reported to be resistant to fruit cracking. Regular irrigation to maintain soil moisture at desired level, spraying of calcium compounds or GA3 at 120 ppm on young fruits are reported to minimize the fruit cracking. FRUIT CRACKING

64. CHILLING INJURY

65. CHILLING INJURY Chilling injury can be a major cause of deterioration of pomegranates during marketing following exposure to temperatures below 5°C (41°F) during storage and transport for longer than 4 weeks.

Symptoms
External symptoms include brown discoloration (scald) of the skin, pitting, and increased susceptibility to decay. Internal symptoms include brown discoloration of the white segments separating the arils and pale color (loss of red color) of the arils.

66. PINEAPPLE

67. PHYTOPHTHORA HEART ROT

68. PHYTOPHTHORA HEART ROT Plants of all ages are attacked, but three to four month old crown plantings are most susceptible.
Fruiting plants or suckers on ratoon plants may be affected.
The colour of the heart leaves changes to yellow or light coppery brown. Later, the heart leaves wilt (causing the leaf edges to roll under), turn brown and eventually die.
Once symptoms become visible, young leaves are easily pulled from the plant, and the basal white leaf tissue at the base of the leaves becomes water-soaked and rotten with a foul smell due to the invasion of secondary organisms. The growing point of the stem becomes yellowish-brown with a dark line between healthy and diseased areas.

69. FUSARIOSIS

70. FUSARIOSIS It is sporadic and affects all parts of the pineapple plant but is most conspicuous and damaging on fruit.
Fruits exhibit stem rosetting and curvature of the plant because portions of the stem are girdled or killed.
Rough leaf pineapple cultivars are more susceptible than smooth-leaf varieties

71. WATER BLISTER

72. Symptoms include water blister, which is also referred to as black rot or soft rot. This causes a soft, watery rot of the fruit flesh and makes the overlying skin glassy, water-soaked and brittle.
The skin, flesh and core disintegrate and the fruit leaks through the shell. In advanced cases, this leaves a fruit shell containing only a few black fibres. This shell collapses under the slightest pressure. WATER BLISTER

73. THANK YOU Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0