Piaget (1).pptx theory of human behavior

Theory

1. Introduction to Piaget

2. Introduction to Piaget Jean Piaget (9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) was a Swiss biologist. Piaget can be categorized as belonging to the category of psychological constructivism — a process of learning through mentally organizing and reorganizing new information and experiences. Piaget was a cognitive constructivist . The key point of cognitive constructivism, according to von Glaserfeld , is that: There is no way of transferring knowledge every knower has to build it up for himself. The cognitive organism is first and foremost an organizer who interprets experience and, by interpretation, shapes it into a structural world. That goes for experiencing what we call sensory object and events, experiencing language and others (von Glasersfeld , 1982,p.612).

3. Cognitive Process according to Piaget Aspects of Human Mind There are two aspects of human mind : Cognitive Structure Cognitive Functioning Cognitive structure Schemas A human is born with a few practical instincts and reflexes such as sucking, looking, reaching and grasping. Therefore the initial cognitive structure of infants is supposed to incorporate only those cognitive abilities or potentials which help them to do such acts as look, reach out or grasp. Piaget named these abilities or potentials as “Schemas”

4. Cognitive Process according to Piaget Cognitive Functioning The structure of the organism is said to play a key role in in its functioning. Therefore what is available to an individual in terms of his schemas decides he is going to respond to the stimuli present in his physical or social environment. And the processes that helps an individual in adaptation to his physical and social environment are: Assimilation Accommodation

5. Cognitive Functioning Assimilation Assimilation refers to the kind of matching between the already existing cognitive structures and the environmental needs as they arise. Accommodation In accommodation one tries to accommodate or adjust to new ways of thinking and behaving in place of assimilating or behaving in the same old fashion. One has to learn new ways to adjust and thinking by making changes and modifications in already existing schemas .

6. Equilibration/Equilibrium An Interplay of Cognitive Processes Piaget’s theory worked on the principle of cognitive equilibrium (from the interplay of assimilation and accommodation processes) which balances prior information with new input. Parallel to the concept of processes of assimilation and accommodation linked with the child's cognitive development, Piaget postulated the concept of equilibration. He asserted that the process of assimilation and accommodation helps the organism to adjust or maintain a harmonious relationship between himself and his environment. This adjustment mechanism was called equilibration by Piaget.

7. Stages of Cognitive Development by Piaget There are four development stages of cognition according to Piaget. These stages are: 1. Sensorimotor : (Birth to ages 18-24 months), intelligence takes the form of motor actions 2. Pre-operational : Toddlerhood (2-7 years) through early childhood. Intelligence in the pre-operation period (3-7 years) is intuitive in nature 3. Concrete operational : Ages 7 to 11 years. The cognitive structure during the concrete operational stage is logical but depends upon concrete objects 4. Formal operational : Adolescence to adulthood. Thinking involves abstractions

8. Characteristics of Different Stages of Cognitive Development by Piaget Sensorimotor Stage: Object Permanence, Make use of Imitation, Goal Directed Actions Pre-Operational Stage: Use of Language, Ability to Think in Symbolic Form, Understand Operations in logically one Direction, Egocentric/Self-centered Concrete-Operational Stage: Solve hands on problems in Logical Fashion, Understand Conservation, seriation, classification, and Reversibility Formal-Operational Stage: Solve Abstract Problems in Logical Fashion, More Scientific in Thinking, Develop Concerns about Social Issues and Identity