Pineapple

Cultivation practices of pine apple

1. Production technology for fruit and plantation crops-HT-244 (2+1) PRESENTED BY: RAKESH KUMAR PATTNAIK Asst. Prof. Horticulture MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Dt- 03-06-20 LECTURE 10. PINEAPPLE

2. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Botanical Name: Ananas comosus / Ananas sativus Family: Bromeliaceae Origin: Brazil The fruit is a good source of Vitamin A and B and is very rich in Vitamin C and calcium. It contains phosphorous and iron. The fruit contains a special enzyme called ‘ Bromelin ’ which digests protein. It provides adequate roughage to prevent constipation . preparations of juices, slices, tit bits, squash, jam, mixed jam, candy etc Fruit of pineapple is botanically called, ‗ Sorosis ’ .

3. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Climate: Tropical fruit crop Optimum temperature ranges from 21-23 O C An elevation of 1100m Optimum rainfall of 150 cm Soil: Sandy loams, laterites and slightly acidic soils with pH 5.5 to 6.00 The soil should have a depth of at least 60 cm with out hard pan beneath or water logging. Soils should have low calcium content

4. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Varieties: There are many pineapple varieties, which are divided into three groups, according to Hume and Muller’s (1904) classification. They are Cayenne, Queen and Spanish. Some cultivars grown commercially in India are-Giant Kew, Kew, Queen, Mauritius, Jaldhup and Lakhat , Charlotte Rothschild etc. The varieties of Cayenne and Spanish group are dual purpose (fresh fruit and canning) ones, queen group - fresh fruit purpose (owing to deep eyes). Kew is more suitable for canning because of its shallow and broad eyes and it is shy suckering whereas queen is not suitable for canning because of its prominent eyes irregular and deep set and it shows high suckering habit.

5. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES "Smooth Cayenne" (USA) HAWAII- 4-5 POUND is a spineless pineapple cultivar that boasts sugary, low-fiber flesh and striped leaves. According to Purdue University, "Smooth Cayenne" accounts for 90 percent of the world's canned fruit, despite the cultivar's susceptibility to disease. Varieties of " Smooth Cayenne" include "Hilo," a compact variety that was developed in Hawaii in 1960; "St. Michael," an exceptionally sweet variety that lacks the highly acidic, tart flavor of most pineapples; and "Giant Kew," B. " Abacaxi “ (2-11 pound) is a spiny, disease-resistant variety that produces tall pineapples marked by white, nearly translucent flesh that is tender, juicy and rich. Though considered one of the most delicious pineapple varieties, the plant, and its many varieties, ship poorly due to their fragility. "Sugarloaf," a variety with equally tender, rich flesh and a conical or round shape, is derived from "Abacaxi," and several strains have been developed from "Sugarloaf." "Sugarloaf" strains include " Black Jamaica" and " Montufar ," a juicy, yellow-fruited variety.

6. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES C. "Queen“ Also known as "Common Rough," "Queen" is a compact, dwarf variety that has a better tolerance of cold and disease than "Smooth Cayenne." The plant produces dark yellow, fragrant fruits with a small core. It is more commonly used to eat fresh, as it does not can well. "Queen" varieties include South African "Natal Queen," and "MacGregor," a firm-fleshed fruit that grows from a spreading, broad-leaved and robust plant D. "Red Spanish“ is a tough variety grown in the West Indies, Mexico, and Venezuela . Fruits are light yellow, high in fiber and aromatic. The fruit is not nearly as tender as "Abacaxi," so it doesn't suffer as much from shipping and handling. Varieties include " Cabezona ," a large-fruited variety that must be cut off the plant with a machete due to its large, strong stem, and "Valera," a small variety that has purple- and green-tinged, narrow leaves and purple-skinned fruits with white flesh.

7. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Propagation: Pineapple is mainly propagated by vegetative methods. It can be propagated by shoot suckers, ground suckers, slips, crown, and stem bits and from splitted crowns. Suckers: The suckers are preferable for planting, since the plants bear the first crop earlier than the slips in 14-18 months. Slips: Plants from the slips give large sized fruits though late in production i.e. 20-22 months for the first corp. Slips are used for planting commonly in shy suckering varieties like giant Kew and Kew. Crowns: Crowns are often used as propagating material in Kew variety because of its shy suckering habit. These are late fruiters and take about 20- 24 months . Stumps: Stumps are the stocks of the fruits. Stumps are cut into bits known as discs and they are first planted in furrows and are allowed to sprout.

8. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Preparation of the land – The land should be dug up to a depth of 40-50cm. till a fine tilth is obtained. FYM or compost is applied After levelling, the land is laid out into trenches alternating with mounds for planting the suckers For double row system of planting, two shallow furrows about 10-15cm depth are to be opened Suckers of uniform size (400-450g) should be selected for planting Preparation of the planting material - Basal scaly leaves of the suckers should be stripped off Suckers should be dried for one or two days Suckers should be dipped in bordeaux mixture (1%) or dithane Z-78(0.3%) and difoltan (0.2%) to avoid mealy bugs and heart rot

9. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Planting methods: The popular method of planting pineapple is the double row system . The two rows are spaced at 60cm apart and in each row the plants are planted at 45cm apart. The double rows are spaced at 1.5 to 2.0 meters . In this method 15,000 to 20,000 suckers can be accommodated per ha. When it is desired to have more than two ratoon crops, the above method can be adopted. Otherwise close spacing may be chosen. In this method a spacing of 25 X 60 X 105cm or 25 X 60 X 90cm is adopted. This accommodates 49,000 to 53,000 suckers per hectare. Planting: Planting may be done normally during the rainy season, avoiding periods of heavy rainfall. July and August are the best months.

10. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Interculture : Mulching with dry grasses, straw, saw dust, coir dust, rice husk etc. will also help to suppress weed growth, conserve moisture, and maintain the humus status of the soil. To achieve good fruit size and uniform cylindrical shape, the crowns of fruit s may be removed with a sharp knife, when they are 5-10cm long In hot weather, the fruits may be covered by wrapping with the leaves or dry grass or straw or banana leaves or paper covers for protection from sun scorch.

11. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES After plants have established apply 35g.of Urea, 13g.of Super phosphate and 6-8g. of Muriate of potash per plant two to three times. FYM and P 2 O 5 - basal dressing at the time of last ploughing or digging Nitrogen and K 2 O are to be applied in three split doses i.e. 60th, 150th and 240th days after planting Nitrogen - Ammonium sulphate. Manuring: FYM -20-25 tonnes Nitrogen -350kg/ha P 2 O 5 -130kg/ha K 2 O -40kg/ha

12. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Irrigations are given for getting better sized fruits. Therefore 4-5 irrigations in hot months at an interval of 15-20 days will ensure a good crop. Irrigation: Even after 15 to 18 months of growth under ideal management less than 40 to 50% of the plants normally flowers To achieve uniform flowering in pineapple NAA in the form of “ Planofix ” at 10-20ppm (1ml planofix in 9 litres of water) or a mixture of 10ppm of Ethephon (Ethrel+ 2% urea +0.045% sodium carbonate may be poured (50ml) in the heart of the plants 15-16 months after planting on a clear sunny day.. Flowering:

13. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES The plants generally flowers 12 months after planting from February to April. The fruits take about 135 to 165 days to mature and ripen . The fruits ripen from June to September depending on the variety in our state. When at least 2 or 3 rows of eyes at the base have turned yellow , the fruit is ready for harvest. However, for distant markets the matured fruits are to be harvested. Harvesting may be done with a long, sharp knife, cutting the fruit stalk few centimeters below the base of the fruit Harvesting: Yield: The yield per hectare varies from 40-60 tonnes

14. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Ratoon cropping is common in pineapple. After the harvest of the first crop, all the suckers borne on the plant should be removed leaving only one sucker on the mother plant . Similarly, all slips should be removed. Then the plants are fertilized, irrigated and earthed up so that the plants have good anchorage for the ratoon crop. The crop is retained like this for four or five years and then removed. Ratoon crop:

15. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES