Pipe materials and types of joints [autosaved]

Types of pipes and types of joints. Different types of pipes used for transporting water from reservoir or treatment plant for water supply in environmental engineering

1. Pipe Materials and Types of
Joints
Environmental Engineering –I
Reference Text Book :-S.K GARG

2. Types of Pipe materials
•MetallicPipes:
–Unlinedmetallicpipes–
•CastIron(C.I)
•GalvanizedIron(G.I)
•MildSteel(M.S)
•Ductilesteel(D.I)
–Metallicpipeslinedwithcementmortarorepoxylining
•Nonmetallicpipes
–ReinforcedConcrete,Pre-stressedConcrete,Bar
WrappedSteelCylinderConcrete,AsbestosCement
–Plasticpipes:PVC,Polyethylene,GlassReinforced
Plastic,UPVCetc.19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

3. Cast Iron pipes
Galvanized Iron pipes
Ductile Iron pipes
Mild steel pipes
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

4. Reinforced concrete pipes Asbestos cement pipes
Prestressedpipes
PVC pipes
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

5. HDPEPolyethylene pipes
Bar wrapped Steel cylinder pipes
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

6. CAST IRON (C.I) PIPES
•Widelyusedforcitywatersupplies
•Sufficientlycorrosionresistant
•Availableinlengthsofabout3.7and5.5mand
diametersof50–900mm
•Manufacturingmethods:
–Sandmoulding
•CastinginHorizontalposition–“McWane”pipes
•Castinginverticalposition–“Pitcastpipes”
–Centrifugalprocess
•Sandspunpipes–madeinsandmoulds
•Delavaudpipes–madeinmetallicmoulds
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of C.I
pipes
•Advantages
–Cost –moderate
–Economical
–Strong and durable
–Corrosive resistant if coated
–Easy to join
–Resists impact without damage
•Disadvantages
–Interior of pipe becomes rough with age –discharge
carrying capacity is reduced
–Large dia pipes are heavy and hence uneconomical
–Likely to break during transportation or jointing
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

8. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
•GIpipeswithcircumferentialcorrugationsare
muchmorestrongerthanordinaryone.
•Hencetheyareusedwherelargediapipesof
smallerthicknessisrequired.
•Widelyusedforinternalconnectionsin
buildings.
•GIpipesarenotcastbutmadebyrivetingor
weldingsteelplates
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

9. •Advantages
–Cheap
–Light–easytohandleandtransport
–Easytojoin
–LessFrictionallosses
•Disadvantages
–Lifeisshort–7to10yrs
–Easilyaffectedbyacidicandalkalicwaters–
incrustationsformeasilyinsidethepipe
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

10. DUCTILE IRON PIPES
•Manufacturingprocess:
–Additionofmagnesiumintomoltenironoflow
sulphurcontent
–Mgcausesgraphiteintheirontoprecipitateinthe
formofmicroscopicspheres.Thisimprovesthe
propertiesofductileiron
–Generallymanufacturedbycentrifugalcast
process.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

11. •DIpipeshaveexcellentpropertiesof
–Impactresistance
–Highwearandtear
–Hightensilestrength
–Highductility
–Corrosionresistance
•DIpipesarestrong,bothinnerandouter
surfacesaresmooth.
•Diameter:80mmto1000mm
•Length:5.5to6m
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

12. CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
•Plaincementconcretepipes–smallsizes(dia0.6m)
•Reinforcedcementconcretepipes–largesizes(dia1.8
mupto4.5m)
•ManufacturingMethods(basedonlocation)
–Castin-situ
–Precast
•ManufacturingprocessofRCCpipes
–Ordinarymethodsofconcretepouringandtamping
–Centrifugaltype
–Cylindertype
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

13. •Mixused–1:2:2withmax.aggregatesizeas6mm
•Diameter:0.1mto1.2m
•Thickness:2.5cmto6.5cm
•Forheadgreaterthan30m,Prestressedpipesare
used.
–Laidwithaweldedsteelcylindertoensurewater
tightness.
–Hightensilewireiswoundaroundittocause
prestressingofthecore.
–Concreteislaidbycentrifugally.
–Availableindiarangingfrom80mmto1800mm.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

14. •Advantages
–Insideofpipeissmoothhencefrictionlossesarelow.
–Durable.
–Lowmaintenancecost.
–Lifeisatleast75years.
–Resistexternalcompressiveloadsanddonotcollapse
undernominalvacuumsandtrafficloads.
–Easytoconstructatsiteoratfactorieswithlocal
ingredients
–Noneedofexpansionjointswhenlaidabovethe
ground.
–Iflaidunderwater,emptypipesdonotfloatbecause
oftheirheavyweights
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

15. •Disadvantages
–Heavyanddifficulttohandle.
–Likelytocrackduringtransportation.
–Repairworkisdifficult.
–Likelytocorrodebygroundwaterduetothe
presenceofacids,alkalisorsulphurcompounds.
–Cannotwithstandveryhighpressures.
–Difficulttojoin
–Tendtoleakduetoshrinkagecracksandporosity
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

16. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPES
•Usedforcarryingsewageanddrainageatpartial
depths.
•Notusedaspressurepipesforcarryingwaters
sinceclayisveryweakintensionandformation
ofwatertightjointsbecomesdifficult.
•Freefromcorrosion
•Provideasmoothhydraulicallyefficientsurface.
•Availableinlengthsofabout0.6m.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

17. ASBESTOS PIPES
•Asbestos,silicaandcementareconvertedunder
pressuretoadensehomogeneousmaterial–Asbestos
cementpossessinghighstrength.
•Asbestosfiberservesasreinforcement
•Diameters:10to90cm
•Length:4m
•Madein4differentgradestowithstandpressureof350
kN/m
2
to1400kN/m
2
asperIS1592-1989.
•UsedasdistributionmainsinIndia.
•Canwithstandpressurefrom50to250mheadofwater
dependingonthetypeandclassofmanufacture.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

18. •Advantages
–Lightandeasytotransport
–Easilyassembledwithoutskilledlabour
–Highlycorrosionresistant
–Highlyflexibleandallows12°deflectioninlayingthem
aroundcurves.
–Expansionjointsarenotrequired
–Usedassmallsizedistributionpipes
•Disadvantages
–Costly
–Notmuchstrength,brittleandsoft.
–Liabletogetdamagedbyexcavationtoolsorduring
transportationortransits.
–Rubberjointsealsmaydeteriorateifexposedtogasolineor
petroleumproducts.
–Cannotbeusedforhighpressure.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

19. POLYETHYLENE PIPES
•RigidPVCandHighDensityPolyEthylenepipes(HDPE)–
waterdistributionsystems
•Diarangesfrom15to150mmandsometimesupto350mm.
•Advantages
–HDPEpipesarerigidandtough.
–Thesepipescanbejoinedwithdetachablejointsandcanbe
detachedatthetimeofshiftingthepipeline.
–Easilybentininstallation
–Eliminatestheuseofspecialslikebends,elbowsetc.,
–Easytocarryandinstall.
–Lighterinweightandcanbecarriedtoheights
–Hasexcellentfreeflowingproperties
–Non-adherentsurfacessothatitrejectstheforeignmaterials
–Anti-corrosive
–Frictionandpressurelossisless
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

20. CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES BASED ON
PRESSURE
1. Types of cast iron (spun) pipes as per IS
1536:1976
S.No
Categoryofpipesinthe
orderofincreasing
thicknessforthesame
diameter
TestPressure
inkN/m
2
Working
Pressurein
kN/m
2
1 ClassLA 3500 1200
2 ClassA 3500 1800
3 ClassB 3500 2000
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

21. 2. Test Pressures in Vertically Cast Iron Pipes as per
IS 1537 -1976
S.NoDiameter
TestpressurekN/m
2
using
socketandspigotjoint
ClassA ClassB
1
Uptoandincluding300
mm 2000 2500
2
Over300mmandupto
andincluding600mm
2000 2500
3
Over600mmandupto
andincluding1000mm
1500 2000
4
Over1000mmandupto
1500mm
1000 1500
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

22. 3. Ordinary R.C.C pipes as per 458 -1988
Category
Dia
available
(mm)
Test
pressurein
kN/m
2
Placeswhereused
ClassP
180–1200200
Usedongravitymains,
designpressurenot
exceeding2/3oftest
pressure
ClassP
280–600 400
Usedonpumpingmains,
thedesignpressurenot
exceeding½ofthetest
pressure
ClassP
380–400 600 -do-
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

23. 4. Steel cylinder R.C.C pipes as per IS 1916 -1989
Category
Testpressurein
kN/m
2
Workingpressure
Class1 500
Ingeneral,working
pressureforpumping
mainsistakenas50%
ofthetestpressure;
andforgravitymain
istakenas2/3
rd
of
thetestpressure.
Class2 1000
Class3 1500
Class4 2000
Class5 2500
Specialclass
Above2500;tobe
specified by
purchasers
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

24. JOINTS IN PIPES
•Categoriesofjointsdependingupontheircapacityof
movement
–Rigidjoints-Nomovement
•Flanged
–Requiresperfectalignment
–Closefittingsarefrequentlyused
–Gaskets–compressedfiberboardornaturalorsyntheticrubber
•Weldedandturned
–Producecontinuouslineofpipes
•Boredjoints
–Semirigidjoints
•Spigotandsocketwithcaulkedleadjoint
–Flexiblejoints
•Comprisesmechanicalandrubberringjointsortytonjoints
•Allowssomedegreeofdeflection–abletostandvibrationand
movement
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

25. Types of joints in cast iron pipes
•Socket and spigot joint
•Flanged joint
•Mechanical joint
•Flexible joint
•Expansion joint
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

26. Socket and Spigot Joint
•Alsoknownasbelland
spigotjoint.
•Enlargedend–bellor
socket
•Normalend–spigot
•Quantityofleadneeded
perjoint–3.5to4kgfor
15cmdiapipe,toabout45
to50kgfor1.2mdiapipe.
•Somewhatflexiblejoint
•Allowsthepipestobelaid
onflatcurveswithoutany
specials.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

27. Flanged joint
•Rigidandstrong
•Cannotusedwhere
deflectionsorvibrations
areexpected.
•Expensiveandmostly
usedforindoorworks–
pumpingstations,filter
plants.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

28. Mechanical joint or dresser coupling
•Usedtojointheplain
endsofCIpipes
•Strongandrigid
•Can withstand
vibrations-usefulfor
pipestobecarriedover
bridgesorbelow
bridgesinhangers.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

29. Flexible joint
•Usedwherelargescale
flexibilitiesarerequired.
–Ex:Riverwithuneven
beds,oncurves.
•Socket–spherical
•Spigot–plainend
havingbead.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

30. Expansion joint
•Providedatsuitable
intervalsinthepipeline–
tocounteractthethermal
stressesproduced
•Socketendiscastflanged
•Spigotendisplain
•Onexpansion,socketend
movesforward,thegap
(equaltoL.α.T)just
closed.
•Oncontraction,thesocket
endmovesbackward
creatinggap.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

31. Joints in Galvanized steel pipes
•Generally, steel pipes of different lengths are
connected by riveted or welded joints.
•Expansion joints are not required in steel
pipes which are buried under the ground,
because they are not subjected to large
temperature stresses
•Pipes which are exposed to atmosphere may
require expansion joints to minimise
temperature stresses.
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

32. Typical expansion joint for steel pipes
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

33. Joint in Hume steel pipes
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

34. Joint in Asbestos Cement pipes –
Simplex joint
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar

35. Reference
•Environmental Engineering(Vol. I) –Water
supply Engineering –SanthoshKumar Garg–
KhannaPublications
19 July 2018 Prakash Kumar Sekar