plankton-introduction - pengantar fitoplankton.ppt

plankton-introduction - pengantar fitoplankton di perairan pelagic

1. Introduction to the Introduction to the
pelagic oceanpelagic ocean
Primary production, phytoplankton Primary production, phytoplankton
and zooplanktonand zooplankton

2. Primary productivityPrimary productivity

What is a primary producer?What is a primary producer?

What is photosynthesis?What is photosynthesis?

What do you need to carry out What do you need to carry out
photosynthesisphotosynthesis

What are the products of primary What are the products of primary
production?production?

How do the land and ocean compare?How do the land and ocean compare?

3. June (2002)
December (2002)
http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/science/figures/FIGURE9.htm
http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/science/figures/FIGURE9.htm

4. PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Primary producers (autotrophs)Primary producers (autotrophs)

MicroscopicMicroscopic

‘‘Plants’ of the oceanPlants’ of the ocean

Convert energy from the sun into Convert energy from the sun into
organic carbon organic carbon

Consumed by the higher trophic levelsConsumed by the higher trophic levels

Fuel the pelagic food webFuel the pelagic food web

5. The Plankton food web simplifiedThe Plankton food web simplified
CO2
Nutrients
Phytoplankton
Large zooplankton
Small zooplankton

6. The Energy
Pyramid

7. 
There are many different typesThere are many different types

Cyanobacteria (Prokaryotic)Cyanobacteria (Prokaryotic)

SynechococcusSynechococcus

ProchlorococcusProchlorococcus

EukaryotesEukaryotes

DiatomsDiatoms

DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates

CoccolithophoresCoccolithophores

FlagellatesFlagellates

8. Prokaryotes:
Synechococcus
Cyanobacteria
Have phycoerythrin, a pigment with orange
fluorescence
Significant in primary production worldwide,
but more important in oligotrophic areas
Typically small Small (0.8-1.5 μm)
Found solitary or in pairs
http://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/
Cultivos/fotos/
Synechococcus_PCC_7202_dis.j
pg

9. ProchlorococcusProchlorococcus
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
Significant in primary production Significant in primary production
worldwide, but more important in worldwide, but more important in
oligotrophic areasoligotrophic areas
Contains divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll Contains divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll
a and ba and b
PicophytoplanktonPicophytoplankton
Small (0.5-0.8 μm)Small (0.5-0.8 μm)
http://proportal.mit.edu/images/mit9215.jpg

10. Eukaryotes (the ones we will look Eukaryotes (the ones we will look
at today)at today)
DiatomsDiatoms

Incredibly important in coastal regionsIncredibly important in coastal regions

Vary in size from a few um to over 1mmVary in size from a few um to over 1mm

Silica frustule gives them widely varying Silica frustule gives them widely varying
shapesshapes

Non-motile Non-motile

Often form chainsOften form chains

11. http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/diatoms.JPG
DiatomsDiatoms
The silica frustule The silica frustule
comes in widely comes in widely
varying varying
morphologiesmorphologies

The silica frustule The silica frustule

Increases dragIncreases drag

Decreases Decreases
predationpredation

CheapCheap

12. DiatomsDiatoms

This leads to very different cell morphologiesThis leads to very different cell morphologies
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/micro/
images.section/pages/diamtoms.html
http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Algae/
images/Diatom.jpg.html
http://www.io-warnemuende.de/bio-ag-
phytoplankton-en.html
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/
16cm05/1116/16protists.htm
http://starcentral.mbl.edu/microscope/
portal.php?
pagetitle=assetfactsheet&imageid=23592
http://www.urbanrivers.org/
drawingdiatoms/diatom.jpg

13. DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates

Can be large, although they range a lot Can be large, although they range a lot
in size (5-50 in size (5-50 μm)μm)

Can form blooms - Red TidesCan form blooms - Red Tides

MotileMotile

Use two flagella Use two flagella

Gives them the ability to avoid predatorsGives them the ability to avoid predators

Or move up and down in water column in Or move up and down in water column in
search of better nutrient or light conditionssearch of better nutrient or light conditions

14. DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg
http://microscopy.bio.cmich.edu/images/
SEMgallery/SEMgallery06.jpg
http://comenius.susqu.edu/BI/202/
CHROMALVEOLATA/ALVEOLATAE/
DINOFLAGELLATA/CERATIUM.htm
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/
avhsweb/thiel/creek/research/99/
janelle/Pictures/gony.jpg
http://faculty.ccri.edu/lmfrolich/Microbiology/eukaryotes.htm

15. CoccolithophoresCoccolithophores

Typically smaller than diatoms and Typically smaller than diatoms and
dinoflagellatesdinoflagellates
Have CaCOHave CaCO
33 tests composed of multiple tests composed of multiple
coccolithscoccoliths

Form blooms over much of the Form blooms over much of the
Northern AtlanticNorthern Atlantic

Emiliania huxleyiEmiliania huxleyi is an incredibly abundant is an incredibly abundant
speciesspecies

16. http://www.geo.uni-bremen.de/cocco/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=47&lang=en

17. You can even see these guys You can even see these guys
from spacefrom space
Photo NASA
http://www.geo.uni-bremen.de/cocco/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=47&lang=e
n

18. FlagellatesFlagellates

Grab bag of assorted othersGrab bag of assorted others

Have a flagellaHave a flagella

Typically smallTypically small
http://www.nilesbio.com/prod149.html
http://starcentral.mbl.edu/
microscope/portal.php?
pagetitle=getcollection&collectionID=
171
http://
www.orgs.muohio.edu/
uvlakes/UVecology/Protist/
protozoa.html

19. The Plankton food web simplifiedThe Plankton food web simplified
CO2
Nutrients
Phytoplankton
Large zooplankton
Small zooplankton

20. ZooplanktonZooplankton

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

Primary or secondary consumersPrimary or secondary consumers

Many shapes and sizesMany shapes and sizes

Microscopic Microscopic

Very LargeVery Large

http://www.break.com/usercontent/2007/8/Giahttp://www.break.com/usercontent/2007/8/Gia
nt-Jellyfish-Swim-345642.htmlnt-Jellyfish-Swim-345642.html

21. Microzooplankton (small zoo’s)Microzooplankton (small zoo’s)

Very small – microscopicVery small – microscopic

Usually protozoansUsually protozoans

Many different groupsMany different groups

CiliatesCiliates

RadiolariansRadiolarians

ForaminiferaForaminifera

22. http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/gallery/Plankton-
Protists/swimmimg_oligotrich_with_prey
Photo: Mike Stukel
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition10/
daily/critter/images/tintinnids.jpg
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/
avhsweb/thiel/creek/research/99/
janelle/Pictures/nocti.jpeg
http://
www.animalpicturesarchive.com/
view.php?tid=3&did=4131

23. Mesozooplankton (Large zoo’s)Mesozooplankton (Large zoo’s)

Larger zooplankton (>200 um)Larger zooplankton (>200 um)

MetazoansMetazoans

Many types:Many types:

CopepodsCopepods

EuphausiidsEuphausiids

AmphipodsAmphipods

24. Pelagic annelid: Tomopteris
Copepod: C. pacificus
Euphausiid: E. pacifica
Amphipod: PhronemaPLANKTON!!

25. Lab todayLab today
Observe different types of phytoplanktonObserve different types of phytoplankton
Draw them and annotate one unique Draw them and annotate one unique
characteristic from each culturecharacteristic from each culture
Speculate on the ecological value of the Speculate on the ecological value of the
characteristiccharacteristic
Guess what to which group each mystery Guess what to which group each mystery
phytoplankton belongs to.phytoplankton belongs to.
Observe and draw a zooplankterObserve and draw a zooplankter
Annotate a unique characteristicAnnotate a unique characteristic
Discuss the plankton food webDiscuss the plankton food web