PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BODY ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION.ppt.pptx

VASCULAR – A FORM OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR WATER AND NUTRIENTS (PLANTS).
MICROTUBULES - LONG, HOLLOW CYLINDERS NEEDED IN MAINTAINING CELL STRUCTURE, PROVIDING INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT.
CELLULOSE – FOUND PRIMARILY IN THE PRIMARY CELL WALL OF THE PLANT, USED IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT, IT IS THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF PAPER, PAPERBOARD, AND OF TEXTILES MADE FROM COTTON, LINEN AND OTHER PLANT FIBERS.

1. PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

2. BODY ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION

3. TERMINOLOGIES TO NOTE: VASCULAR – A FORM OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR WATER AND NUTRIENTS (PLANTS). MICROTUBULES - LONG, HOLLOW CYLINDERS NEEDED IN MAINTAINING CELL STRUCTURE, PROVIDING INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT. CELLULOSE – FOUND PRIMARILY IN THE PRIMARY CELL WALL OF THE PLANT, USED IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT, IT IS THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF PAPER, PAPERBOARD, AND OF TEXTILES MADE FROM COTTON, LINEN AND OTHER PLANT FIBERS.

4. PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION A VASCULAR PLANT CONSISTS OF: 1. ROOT SYSTEM , WHICH IS UNDERGROUND -ANCHORS THE PLANT, AND IS USED TO ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS 2. SHOOT SYSTEM , WHICH IS ABOVE GROUND -CONSISTS OF SUPPORTING STEMS, PHOTOSYNTHETIC LEAVES AND REPRODUCTIVE FLOWERS

5. PLANT CELL WALLS CONSIST OF CELLULOSE -PRIMARY CELL WALL -FOUND IN ALL CELLS -CELLULOSE FIBERS PARALLEL TO MICROTUBULES -SECONDARY CELL WALL -FOUND IN SOME CELLS -ADDITIONAL LAYERS OF CELLULOSE AND LINING -INCREASE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF WALL

6. ROOTS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES CONTAIN THREE BASIC TISSUE SYSTEMS : - DERMAL TISSUE – FOR PROTECTION -WAX AND BARK - GROUND TISSUE – FOR STORAGE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SECRETION - VASCULAR TISSUE – FOR CONDUCTION - XYLEM – WATER AND DISSOLVED MINERALS - PHLOEM – NUTRIENT-CONTAINING SOLUTION

7. MERISTEMS ARE CLUMPS OF SMALL CELLS WITH DENSE (THICK) CYTOPLASM AND LARGE NUCLEI THEY ACT AS STEM CELLS DO IN ANIMALS -ONE CELL DIVIDES PRODUCING A DIFFERENTIATING (SPECIALIZED) CELL AND ANOTHER THAT REMAINS MERISTEMATIC

8. APICAL MERISTEMS ARE LOCATED AT THE TIPS OF STEMS AND ROOTS -GIVE RISE TO PRIMARY TISSUES WHICH ARE COLLECTIVELY CALLED THE PRIMARY PLANT BODY -THREE PRIMARY MERISTEMS -PROTODERM → EPIDERMIS -PROCAMBIUM → 1 O VASCULAR TISSUE -GROUND MERISTEM → GROUND TISSUE

9. LATERAL MERISTEMS ARE FOUND IN PLANTS THAT EXHIBIT SECONDARY GROWTH -GIVE RISE TO SECONDARY TISSUES WHICH ARE COLLECTIVELY CALLED THE SECONDARY PLANT BODY -WOODY PLANTS HAVE TWO TYPES -CORK CAMBIUM → OUTER BARK -VASCULAR CAMBIUM → 2 O VASCULAR TISSUE

10. PLANT TISSUES DERMAL GROUND VASCULAR

11. DERMAL TISSUE FORMS THE EPIDERMIS , WHICH IS USUALLY ONE CELL LAYER THICK COVERED WITH A FATTY CUTIN (COVERS SURFACE OF PLANT) LAYER CONSTITUTING THE CUTICLE (PROTECTIVE WAX COVER ON LEAVES AND STEMS) CONTAINS SPECIAL CELLS, INCLUDING GUARD CELLS, TRICHOMES AND ROOT HAIRS

12. ROOTS HAIRS ARE TUBULAR EXTENSIONS OF INDIVIDUAL EPIDERMAL CELLS GREATLY INCREASE THE ROOT’S SURFACE AREA AND EFFICIENCY OF ABSORPTION

13. GROUND TISSUE CONSIST OF THREE TYPES OF CELLS -PARENCHYMA -COLLENCHYMA -SCLERENCHYMA

14. PARENCHYMA CELLS ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF PLANT CELL -MAY LIVE FOR MANY YEARS, FUNCTIONING IN STORAGE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SECRETION -SOME CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS AND ARE CALLED CHLORENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA CELLS PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR PLANT ORGANS, ALLOWING BENDING BUT NOT BREAKING -HAVE LIVING PROTOPLASTS AND MAY LIVE FOR MANY YEARS

15. SCLERENCHYMA CELLS HAVE TOUGH THICK WALLS -LACK LIVING WALLS AT MATURITY -TWO GENERAL TYPES - FIBERS : LONG, SLENDER CELLS THAT ARE USUALLY GROUPED IN STRANDS - SCLEREIDS : VARIABLE SHAPE; BRANCHED; MAY OCCUR SINGLY OR IN GROUPS -BOTH STRENGTHEN TISSUES

16. Parenchyma Parenchyma cells are relatively unspecialized ; large vacuoles, thin primary wall (no secondary) most common type of plant cell; responsible for most of plant metabolic functions - primary sites of photosynthesis, starch storage…. Fleshy tissue of most fruits Collenchyma Collenchyma cells provide support to growing stems and leaves; thickened primary cell walls Relatively flexible , allowing organs to bend without breaking Sclerenchyma Sclerenchyma cells have tough, thick secondary walls , often impregnated with lignin Two types specialized for support; fibers and sclereids . Both function to strengthen tissue in which they occur THE THREE TYPES OF CELLS AND GROUND TISSUES IN PLANTS cross-section of a young elderberry branch cross-section from grass blade cluster of sclereids (stained red) in pulp of pear (Solomon et al 1999)

17. VASCULAR TISSUE XYLEM -CONSTITUTES THE MAIN WATER- AND MINERAL-CONDUCTING TISSUE - VESSELS : CONTINUOUS TUBES OF DEAD CYLINDRICAL CELLS ARRANGED END-TO-END - TRACHEIDS : DEAD CELLS THAT TAPER AT THE END AND OVERLAP ONE ANOTHER -VESSELS ARE SHORTER & WIDER THAN TRACHEIDS -AND CONDUCT WATER MORE EFFICIENTLY

18. XYLEM -ALSO CONDUCTS INORGANIC IONS SUCH AS NITRATES, AND SUPPORTS THE PLANT BODY -TYPICALLY INCLUDES PARENCHYMA CELLS IN HORIZONTAL ROWS CALLED RAYS -FUNCTION IN LATERAL CONDUCTION AND FOOD STORAGE NOTE : THE DIFFUSION OF WATER VAPOR FROM A PLANT IS TERMED TRANSPIRATION

19. PHLOEM -CONSTITUTES THE MAIN FOOD-CONDUCTING TISSUE IN VASCULAR PLANTS -CONTAINS TWO TYPES OF ELONGATED CELLS: SIEVE CELLS AND SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS -LIVING CELLS THAT CONTAIN CLUSTERS OF PORES CALLED SIEVE AREAS OR SIEVE PLATES -SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS ARE MORE SPECIALIZED -ASSOCIATED WITH COMPANION CELLS

20. ROOTS ROOTS HAVE A SIMPLER PATTERN OF ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT THAN STEMS FOUR REGIONS ARE COMMONLY RECOGNIZED: -ROOT CAP -ZONE OF CELL DIVISION -ZONE OF ELONGATION -ZONE OF MATURATION

21. ZONE OF CELL DIVISION -CONTAINS MOSTLY CUBOIDAL CELLS, WITH SMALL VACUOLES AND LARGE CENTRAL NUCLEI -DERIVED FROM RAPID DIVISIONS OF THE ROOT APICAL MERISTEM - QUIESCENT CENTER CELLS DIVIDE VERY INFREQUENTLY -APICAL MERISTEM DAUGHTER CELLS SOON SUBDIVIDE INTO THE THREE PRIMARY TISSUES

22. ZONE OF CELL DIVISION -PATTERNING OF THESE TISSUES BEGINS IN THIS ZONE - WEREWOLF ( WER ) GENE -SUPPRESSES ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT - SCARECROW ( SCR ) GENE -NECESSARY FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF ENDODERMAL AND GROUND CELLS

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25. ZONE OF ELONGATION -ROOTS LENGTHEN BECAUSE CELLS BECOME SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN WIDE -NO FURTHER INCREASE OCCURS ABOVE THIS ZONE

26. ZONE OF MATURATION -THE ELONGATED CELLS BECOME DIFFERENTIATED INTO SPECIFIC CELL TYPES - EPIDERMAL CELLS : HAVE VERY THIN CUTICLE -INCLUDE ROOT HAIR AND NONHAIR CELLS - CORTEX: INTERIOR TO THE EPIDERMIS -PARENCHYMA CELLS USED FOR STORAGE

27. * Roots

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29. MODIFIED ROOTS MOST PLANTS PRODUCE EITHER/OR: -TAPROOT SYSTEM: SINGLE LARGE ROOT WITH SMALL BRANCH ROOTS -FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM: MANY SMALL ROOTS OF SIMILAR DIAMETER SOME PLANTS, HOWEVER, PRODUCE MODIFIED ROOTS WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS - ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ARISE FROM ANY PLACE OTHER THAN THE PLANT’S ROOT

30. PROP ROOTS : KEEP THE PLANT UPRIGHT AERIAL ROOTS : OBTAIN WATER FROM THE AIR PNEUMATOPHORES : FACILITATE OXYGEN UPTAKE CONTRACTILE ROOTS : PULL PLANT DEEPER INTO SOIL PARASITIC ROOTS : PENETRATE HOST PLANTS FOOD STORAGE ROOTS : STORE CARBOHYDRATES WATER STORAGE ROOTS : WEIGH 50 OR MORE KG BUTTRESS ROOTS : PROVIDE CONSIDERABLE STABILITY

31. PROP ROOTS

32. AERIAL ROOTS

33. PNEUMATOPHORES

34. WATER STORAGE ROOTS

35. BUTTRESS ROOTS

36. STEMS LIKE ROOTS, STEMS CONTAIN THE THREE TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE -ALSO UNDERGO GROWTH FROM CELL DIVISION IN APICAL AND LATERAL STEMS SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM INITIATES STEM TISSUE AND INTERMITTENTLY PRODUCES PRIMORDIA -DEVELOP INTO LEAVES, OTHER SHOOTS AND EVEN FLOWERS

37. LEAVES MAY BE ARRANGED IN ONE OF THREE WAYS *

38. THE SPIRAL (ALTERNATE) ARRANGEMENT IS THE MOST COMMON THIS IS TERMED PHYLLOTAXY -MAY OPTIMIZE THE EXPOSURE OF LEAVES TO THE SUN

39. EXTERNAL STEM STRUCTURE NODE = POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF LEAF TO STEM INTERNODE = AREA OF STEM BETWEEN TWO NODES BLADE = FLATTENED PART OF LEAF PETIOLE = STALK OF LEAF AXIL = ANGLE BETWEEN PETIOLE/BLADE AND STEM AXILLARY BUD = DEVELOPS INTO BRANCHES WITH LEAVES OR MAY FORM FLOWERS TERMINAL BUD = EXTENDS THE SHOOT SYSTEM DURING THE GROWING SEASON *

40. Internal Stem Structure Monocot vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue system Eudicot vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue ( pith ) and external ground tissue ( cortex ) *

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43. VASCULAR TISSUE ARRANGEMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE STEM’S ABILITY FOR SECONDARY GROWTH -IN EUDICOTS, A VASCULAR CAMBIUM DEVELOPS BETWEEN THE PRIMARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM -CONNECTS THE RING OF PRIMARY VASCULAR BUNDLES -IN MONOCOTS, THERE IS NO VASCULAR CAMBIUM -THEREFORE, NO SECONDARY GROWTH *

44. MODIFIED STEMS BULBS = SWOLLEN UNDERGROUND STEMS, CONSISTING OF FLESHY LEAVES CORMS = SUPERFICIALLY RESEMBLE BULBS, BUT HAVE NO FLESHY LEAVES RHIZOMES = HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND STEMS, WITH ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS RUNNERS AND STOLONS = HORIZONTAL STEMS WITH LONG INTERNODES THAT GROW ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND *

45. TUBERS = SWOLLEN TIPS OF RHIZOMES THAT CONTAIN CARBOHYDRATES TENDRILS = TWINE AROUND SUPPORTS AND AID IN CLIMBING CLADOPHYLLS = FLATTENED PHOTOSYNTHETIC STEMS RESEMBLING LEAVES

46. LEAVES LEAVES ARE THE MAIN SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS -THEY ARE DETERMINATE STRUCTURES WHOSE GROWTH STOPS AT MATURITY THE FLATTENING OF THE LEAF BLADE INCREASES THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC SURFACE EXIST IN TWO MORPHOLOGIES - MICROPHYLL = HAVE ONE VEIN WHICH DOES NOT EXTEND THE FULL LENGTH OF THE LEAF -FOUND MAINLY IN THE PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA - MEGAPHYLLS = HAVE SEVERAL TO MANY VEINS

47. VEINS CONSIST OF BOTH XYLEM AND PHLOEM AND ARE DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE LEAF BLADES * -MONOCOT LEAVES HAVE PARALLEL VEINS -EUDICOT LEAVES HAVE NETTED OR RETICULATE VEINS

48. LEAF BLADES COME IN A VARIETY OF FORMS - SIMPLE LEAVES CONTAIN UNDIVIDED BLADES -MAY HAVE TEETH, INDENTATIONS OR LOBES - COMPOUND LEAVES HAVE BLADES THAT ARE DIVIDED INTO LEAFLETS -PINNATE = LEAFLETS IN PAIRS ALONG AN AXIS -PALMATE = LEAFLETS RADIATE OUT FROM A COMMON POINT

49. Leaves *

50. Leaves (Cont.) *

51. MODIFIED LEAVES FLORAL LEAVES (BRACTS) = SURROUND TRUE FLOWERS AND BEHAVE AS SHOWY PETALS SPINES = REDUCE WATER LOSS AND MAY DETER PREDATORS REPRODUCTIVE LEAVES = PLANTLETS CAPABLE OF GROWING INDEPENDENTLY INTO FULL-SIZED PLANT WINDOW LEAVES = SUCCULENT, CONE-SHAPED LEAVES THAT ALLOW PHOTOSYNTHESIS UNDERGROUND *

52. SHADE LEAVES = LARGER IN SURFACE AREA BUT WITH LESS MESOPHYLL THAN SUN-LIT LEAVES INSECTIVOROUS LEAVES = TRAP INSECTS -PITCHER PLANTS HAVE CONE-SHAPED LEAVES THAT ACCUMULATE RAINWATER -SUNDEWS HAVE GLANDS THAT SECRETE STICKY MUCILAGE -VENUS FLYTRAP HAVE HINGED LEAVES THAT SNAP SHUT *