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Plant taxonomy and it's importance

1. DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography By Dr. S.K. Sekhon UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT BIOSCIENCES Master of Science (M.Sc. Botany) Subject Name- Plant Biosystematics Subject Code - 21SBT609

2. Course Objective The course has been designed to enable the students to learn about the various concepts of origin of angiosperms, plant taxonomy and ICBN. https://blog.cabi.org/2019/03/05/trichogramma-evanescens-a-biocontrol-agent-to-control-apple-codling-moth-in-apple-orchards-first-record-from-pakistan/ / Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography

3. CO Number Title Level CO1 Understand the concept of resources in plant taxonomy. Remember   CO2 Acquire knowledge of concept of phytogeography and its relevance. Acquire CO3 Access and apply the knowledge of historical account of taxonomy, rules, and regulation of taxonomy. Understand   CO4 Analyze the new approaches adopted in relation to taxonomy. Access CO5 Attain expertise regarding knowledge of description of basal angiosperms Analyse CO6 Understand the concept of resources in plant taxonomy. Apply Course Outcome https://blog.cabi.org/2019/03/05/trichogramma-evanescens-a-biocontrol-agent-to-control-apple-codling-moth-in-apple-orchards-first-record-from-pakistan/ / Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography

4. 4 Plant Biosystematics https://blog.cabi.org/2019/03/05/trichogramma-evanescens-a-biocontrol-agent-to-control-apple-codling-moth-in-apple-orchards-first-record-from-pakistan/ / Origin of angiosperms; origin of monocotyledons. Evolutionary trends in angiosperms; co-evolution with animals, evolution of xylem, stamens and pollen grains, carpel and inferior ovary. Evolution and diversity of woody, seed and flowering plants. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Plant collection and documentation: methods of plant collection. Plant descriptions and illustrations as the tools of data information system . Concept of phytogeography and its relevance, phytogeographic regions of the world and India. Factors determining vegetational types, endemism, hotspots and hottest hotspots, plant explorations. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography

5. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Plant Collection Since the bulk of our plant wealth grows in areas far removed from the centres of botanical research and training, it becomes imperative to collect a large number of specimens on each outing. P lant specimen is identified by comparison with already known herbarium specimens in a herbarium, and by utilizing the available literature and comparing the description of the unknown plant with the published description/s .

6. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Why collecting plants???? P lants are collected for various purposes: building new herbaria or enriching older ones, compilation of floras, material for museums and class work, ethnobotanical studies, and introduction of plants in gardens. In addition, bulk collections are done for trade and drug manufacture. For proper description and documentation --- The specimen have to be suitably prepared for incorporation and permanent storage in a herbarium. This also helps in compiling floristic accounts of the different regions of the world.

7. 7 Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography TECHNIQUES IN COLLECTION Making of herbarium involves collection, drying, poisoning, mounting, stitching, labeling and deposition etc. Plant Collection: Angiospermic material must be chosen that should have leaves, complete inflorescence, flower and fruit etc. If necessary one has to make many visits to the spot. Size of the material depends upon the requirement and availability.

8. 8 Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Herbaceous small plant may be collected in 2-2, i.e., with roots also, but in woody plants 4-6 twigs are sufficient. One should not collect diseased, infected or inappropriate plant material. The collection should be given a field number. The species should have at least 4-6 specimens with same field number. The habit, habitat, flower color, locality interesting features etc. should be noted down in the field note book. Some tools are rather important while collecting up plants for herbarium: A small knife, scissors, thornproof gloves and a small handy spade could be of great help.

9. 9 Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography The collected specimens should be put into a strong bag made of cloth or polythene, the function of these containers being to protect plants from damage during your collection visit. If your excursion takes place in summer time or lasts for two or more days, it is better to bring a folder of approximately 45x30 cm or more. The folder must be made of cardboard or some other strong stuff, e.g. aluminum, and it must contain some old newspapers (the more plants you collect the more newspapers you need). The folder can be covered with cloth and it should be closed with straps or belts, and a handle or shoulder-belt should be added for easy carrying.

10. 10 Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Fieldwork: The fieldwork of specimen preparation involves P lant collection, P ressing and P artial drying of the specimens.

11. 11 fieldwork may be undertaken in different ways: Collection trip: Such a trip is of short duration, usually one or two days, to a nearby place, for brief training in fieldwork, vegetation study and plant collection by groups of students. Exploration: This includes repeated visits to an area in different seasons, for a period. Expedition: Such a visit is undertaken to remote and difficult area, to study the flora and fauna, and usually takes several month. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography

12. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Field Note After specimen collection, a field record is noted in small pocket sized notebook. Date of collection, location (name of place or distance from definite point), collection number, if possible, name of the specimen, and description of the floral parts that may change after drying are noted down.

13. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Taking Pictures Taking color pictures of each plant in its natural environment is also something which could substantially enrich the quality of herbarium. In that way the dried specimen can be placed together with one or more photographs, which are very helpful for bulky plants like trees or bushes, which obviously cannot be entirely included in a herbarium. Also the habitat of a plant can be well described with a photograph, taking care not to be too distant from the nearby bushes or trees.

14. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Pressing The specimens are kept gently within newspaper. Parts of flower are much carefully spread without overlapping in original shape. If the specimens are long, then it needs to be folded in V and N or Z shape.  If the specimen is gymnosperms, the specimens needs to dip in the glycerine before pressing. In case of flowers with gamopetalous corolla a few flowers should be pressed separately and some of these should be split open and spread. If flower is large, cotton padding is often helpful to dry quickly.

15. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Drying Drying techniques are of two types; those accomplished without heat, and those with the aid of artificial heat. Drying with the aid of artificial heat is the prevalent method. Poisoning -- Precaution should be taken to protect herbarium specimens from damage by insect pests. The most destructive insects are herbarium beetle, cigarette beetle, booklice and silverfish. Insect repellants such as naphthalene ball or Para dichlorobenzene are sometimes placed in small quantities in herbarium cabinet.

16. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Mounting Mounting is the process by which a specimen is attached to a herbarium sheet and a label affixed at the lower right corner. Specimens are mounted on sheets of standard size herbarium paper (29 x 43 cm). Most herbaria use a glue or paste to fasten specimens to the sheets. The specimen may be attached by various methods. A common method involves smearing a glass plate with a water soluble paste, placing the specimen on the paste, and ten transferring the glued plant to the mounting sheet.

17. Resources in plant taxonomy and phytogeography Labeling— Herbarium label is an important and essential part of permanent plant specimens. The size and shape of label may vary slightly but will usually be a rectangular and range between 10 x 15 cm (4 x 6 in.).

18. 18 Therefore, the study of Plant biosystematics would help in understanding the origin and importance of plants in human life assists the students and researchers to understand better the similarities and differences between diverse groups of plant kingdom. Conclusion

19. 19 ASSESSMENT PATTERN PARAMETERS MAXIMUM MARKS 1 ST HOURLY TEST 20 2 ND HOURLY TEST 20 Short Term Paper/Review Paper/Case Study 20 PRESENTATION (2) 08 Quiz/ TutorialTest (2) 04 Attendance and Engagement Score on BB 02

20. 20 APPLICATIONS understanding the origin and importance of plants in human life assists the students and researchers to understand better the similarities and differences between diverse groups of plant kingdom.

21. REFERENCES REFERENCES: Singh, V; Pande, PC; Jain, DK. 2013. A Text Book of Botany: Diversity a Systematics of Seed Plants, Rastogi Publications, Meerut. Srivastava, HN. 2006. Diversity of seed plants and their systematics, Vol. III, Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar. E BOOKS: MG Simpson. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. https://www.pdfdrive.com/plant-systematics-d158696203.html

22. REFERENCES REFERENCE BOOKS Chopra, GL. 2000. Angiosperms, PardeepPublications , Jalandhar. Pullaiah , T. 2007. Taxonomy ofAngiosperms , 2nd Ed., Regency Publications, New Delhi. Radford, AE. 1986. Fundamentals ofPlant Systematics, Harper and Row, New York. Sambamurty , VSS. 2005. Taxonomy ofAngiosperms , I.K. International, Pvt JOURNALS 1.In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology- Plant [Link: https://www.springer.com/journal/11627] 2.Annals of Botany [Link: https://academic.oup.com/aob]

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