Plant_Breeding_objectives_Presentation_.pptx

Plant breeding

1. Plant Breeding Improving Plants for Better Yield and Quality By: Ranjana Course: M.Sc. Biotechnology, Semester I University: SoS in Biotechnology, SMKV Bastar University, Jagdalpur

2. Introduction Plant breeding is the science of improving plants through genetic manipulation. It combines traditional methods and modern biotechnology. Aim: To produce plants with desirable traits such as high yield, disease resistance, and adaptability.

3. Definition Plant Breeding: The art and science of changing plant genetics to benefit human needs. Involves selection, hybridization, and evaluation of plants. Developed by early farmers and improved by modern genetics.

4. Objectives of Plant Breeding 1. Increase crop yield. 2. Develop disease and pest-resistant varieties. 3. Improve nutritional quality. 4. Enhance stress tolerance. 5. Shorten crop duration. 6. Improve taste, texture, and color.

5. Importance of Plant Breeding Ensures food security. Supports sustainable agriculture. Helps adapt crops to climate change. Increases farmer income and economic growth.

6. Historical Background Early domestication by farmers. Gregor Mendel’s genetic principles (1866). Modern plant breeding integrates genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics.

7. Types of Plant Breeding 1. Conventional Breeding – Based on natural variation and selection. 2. Hybrid Breeding – Crossing two genetically different parents. 3. Mutation Breeding – Using radiation or chemicals to induce new traits. 4. Polyploidy Breeding – Increasing chromosome number for vigor. 5. Genetic Engineering – Inserting desired genes directly.

8. Steps in Plant Breeding 1. Setting objectives. 2. Selection of parent plants. 3. Hybridization (crossing). 4. Selection of superior offspring. 5. Testing and evaluation. 6. Release of improved variety.

9. Selection Methods • Mass Selection • Pure Line Selection • Pedigree Selection • Backcross Breeding

10. Hybridization Crossing two parents with contrasting traits. Aims to combine best features. Produces hybrid vigor or heterosis. Common in maize, rice, and cotton.

11. Mutation and Polyploidy Breeding Mutation breeding: Uses radiation or chemicals to create variation. Polyploidy breeding: Doubles or triples chromosome number for higher yield and larger fruit size.

12. Modern Biotechnological Approaches Tissue culture and micropropagation. Marker-assisted selection (MAS). Genetic engineering (GM crops). Genomic selection using DNA sequencing.

13. Achievements of Plant Breeding Development of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs). Disease-resistant crops (e.g., wheat, rice). Improved nutritional quality (e.g., Golden Rice). Contribution to Green Revolution.

14. Limitations Time-consuming process. Limited genetic variation. Ethical and biosafety issues in genetic engineering. High cost of modern breeding programs.

15. Conclusion Plant breeding plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture. Integrates classical and modern techniques for better crops. Key to food security and future agricultural development.