Plant Propagation.ppt the best methods of propagation

How to propagate new plants

1. PLANT
PROPAGATION

2.  Plant propagation is very vast field
 For successful plant propagation must understand
genetics, growth characteristics, adaptability to local
climate and soil
 To attain high percentage of success with different
methods of reproduction
 Propagators should be well practiced in different
methods and techniques of plant propagation
Making new plants from old plants
What is plant propagation?

3. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
 In traditional agriculture, sexual reproduction is the dominant method of
producing new plants.
 In horticulture, both sexual and asexual reproduction are
common methods of producing new plants.
 One of the most rewarding and satisfying activities in horticulture is
plant propagation.
 Plant propagation is the heart of all work in the field.
“the art and science of multiplying plants by sexual or
asexual means.”
BASIC OBJECTIVES:
To raise in number (Multiplication)
To preserve essential plant character.
To improve a species of plants

4. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Sexual Propagation
Sexual propagationinvolves the union of the pollen
(male) with the egg (female) to produce a seed.
The seed is made up of three parts: the outer seed coat,
which protects the seed; the endosperm,which is a
food reserve; and the embryo, which is the young plant
itself.

5. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

6. Seed Coat: mostly dead, hard tissue
Protection from being crushed
Endosperm: oil and carbohydrate storage
Embryo: develops from union of egg and sperm
Radicle: embryonic root
Epicotyl/hypocotyl: embryonic shoot

7. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Propagation by seeds...
Seeds are widely available, inexpensive, and easy to handle.
Hybrid seeds are more expensive, but may have production
benefits that offset the cost.
Large scale agriculture (including vegetable crop production)
is dependent upon seed propagation.
“Propagation by seeds is the major method by
which plants reproduce in nature and one of the
most efficient and widely used propagation
methods for cultivated crops.”
Hartmann and Kester

8. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Seeds are a way of rapidly increasing the number of a
certain plant.
Many plants reproduced from seed will differ from the
original plants.
This is because genes from each of the parent plants are
represented in the new plant. Thus, a varietyis created.

9. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
PROPAGATION THROUGH SEED
ADVANTAGES
•Cheap
•Convenient storage
•If kept dry and cool seed remain viable for
very long period e.g.
–Indian lotus 1000 years (frozen)
–Arctic Thundra lupins 10,000 years

10. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Hardy and bear heavy crops
Disease free plants (Virus free plants)
Chance seedling
Variety by breeding
Rootstock

11. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Long time is required for maturity
–e.g. onion, date, pears
–Date requires 8 years from seed to fruit.
Not true to type
Tendency to grow tall
Seeds (especially seeds of woody plants) may have
complex dormancies that impede germination.
DISADVANTAGES

12. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Factors should be considered before seed
sowing / Preparation for sowing
•Collection of seed
•Storage of seed (temperature 3-13
0
C)
•Pre-germination seed treatment

13. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1. Collection of seed
•Should be collected from reliable sources
•From good healthy and mature fruit

14. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
2. Storage of seeds
•Seed of some variety lose viability after
extraction
•Should be sown immediately
•Washed, dry and mixed with ground charcoal
and packed in suitable sized wooden
containers
•Temperature 3
0
C to 13
0
C

15. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
3. Pre-Germination seed Treatment
•Deciduous fruit species: Apple , pear , peach, plum and cherry-
need rest after extraction before germination –DORMANCY
Seed Dormancy
Period allow the embryos in the seeds to complete their
development
–One of the functions of dormancy is to prevent a seed from
germinating before it is surrounded by a favourable
environment.
–In some trees and shrubs, seed dormancy is difficult to
break, even when the environment is ideal. Various
treatments are performed on the seed to break dormancy
and begin germination.

16. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Stratification:
The storing of seed with alternate layers of moist sand, at a
controlled temperature and suitable moisture condition before
sowing is called as Stratification (2-7
o
C)
Methods to Break Dormancy
Especially important for plants that produce their fruit in the
fall(like apples and pears).
If these plants germinated immediately, they would die from the
cold winter temperatures.
Instead, these plants produce seeds that remain dormant
until spring.

17. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Scarification
(methodsto break down the protective seed
coat)
The seedcoatmust bebrokendownbeforegermination can begin.
Actions by Nature:
MicrobialActivity (bacteria, fungi, etc.)
Freezingand Thawing
Animal Digestion (stomachacids)
Beingsteppedon or chewed
Actions by Humans:
Sandpaper and File
Acid
Pressure and Force (for example, a hammer)

18. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Sowing and germination of seed

19. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Sowing of seeds
•In Nurseries, seed are sown in prepared beds.
•Proper Distance:
•line to line
•seed to seed
•Proper depth
Sowing media :
•Soil, sand, compost and some artificial media such peat,
vermiculate
•top soil + Sand+ Well rotted FYM
•Seeds are sown : Pots, trays, plastic bags or in beds or
•Containers and these are filled with media

20. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
oThe substance must have appropriate physical and chemical properties.
oThey must retain sufficient water and air to allow sufficient drainage.
oThe substance must be free from weed seeds, insect pest and diseases.
oThe acidity and alkalinity of the medium should be in optimum for different
species.
oThe medium must be sufficiently firm and dense to hold the seeds in place
during rooting or germination.
oIts volume must be fairly constant when wet or dry and it must be capable of
being sterilized.
oThe rooting media should support the cuttings to avoid lodging. This is
particularly important whenever larger sized cuttings are used under mist
chamber conditions.
Qualities of an Ideal Rooting Media:

21. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Seed Germination
•If the seeds have viable embryos, have all
germination blocks removed, and are placed under
proper environmental conditionsof moisture,
temperature, and (sometimes) light, the quiescent
embryos in the seeds can resume their growth.
•Germination can proceed in several ways,
depending on the species.
–Sometimes the cotyledons are pushed above ground
(epigeal germination) and
–sometimes they remain below ground (hypogeal
germination).

22. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
The sequence of events during seed germination
is as follows
1. Imbibition of water by the seeds.
The cells become turgid and the seed coverings soften and
rupture, permitting easy passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. Activation of hormones and enzymes.
The enzymes convert complexfood storage molecules into
simpler food materials that can be readily translocated and used
for growth.
Other enzymes are involved in the respiratory processes, which
release energy for cell division and growth.
3. Embryo growth and development.
The root-shoot axis (plumule, epicotyl, hypocotyl, and radicle)
grows by cell division and enlargement.

23. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Care of sown seeds
•Cover them if necessary
•Proper Irrigation
•Protect them against adverse climate,
birds and other animals

24. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
PLANTING
•Direct seeding
•Transplanting
Direct Seeding
•For plants difficult to transplant e.g. radish
Advantage
•Require low labor than transplanting
Disadvantage
•Weed control
•Spacing shall be proper.
•For small seeds add sand/clay for sowing.

25. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
The following factors maximize direct-seeding success:
1.Good site selection and seed bed preparation
2.Using high-quality seed
3.Planting at the correct time
4.Seed treatments to facilitate sowing or to relieve dormancy
5.Selecting an appropriate mechanical seeder
6.Using the correct sowing depth
7.Sowing seed at an appropriate rate
8.Applying proper post sowing care

26. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Seed sowing

27. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
TRANSPLANTING
•First sown in seedling flats/beds.
•Media is soil + sand..
•Nutrient soil.
•Transplanted when large enough to handle.
•Be careful about injuries.
•In some case tap root is removed to give fibrous root
system.
•Dibbler used for making hole.
•May be with soil / bare rooted with mud.

28. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1.Some plants grow better when transplanted (cabbage, tomato, chilli) and some
does better when directly sown (root crops).
2.While there are some vegetables which can be either direct sown or
transplanted depending on circumstances as such as land availability and labor.
Transplanting

29. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1.Transplanting should be done as soon as seedlings are about 4 to 8 weeks
old,10 to 15 cm tall and have formed about 3 to 4 true leaves.
2.The nursery bed should be watered 24 hours before uprooting the seedling for
transplanting so that they may not suffer from desiccation and minimize root
damage.
3.The seedlings should be dug up not pulled up.
4.When the seedlings are uprooted it experiences transplanting shock. Therefore,
it is essential to water plants immediately after transplanting and till the plant has
recovered.
5.Always transplant under cool conditions so that plants may establish themselves
in the cool weather in the night and may recover from the shock of transplanting
before sunrise.
6.Avoid seedlings which have grown too tall. Such seedlings become weak and
may start flowering very early.
7.During transplanting, care should be taken to protect seedlings against wilting
by frequently sprinkling water on them and covering the roots one with moist oil
or leaves.
8.Setting the seedlings to a depth of first true leaves when transplanting in know
to result in earlier fruiting and larger fruit size in some crops
Rules for transplanting

30. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•Selective and balanced nutrition should be given to the mother
plants through soil or irrigation. Excess nitrogen will reduce the
root growth.
•In nursery different types of rooting media are used. It doesn't
contain nutrients so we have to provide nutrition according to
plants need.
•In nursery extra attention should be given to nutrition in
sprouting, root initiation stage, hardening of plants. Nutrient
deficiency can be reclaimed through application of foliar sprays.
•For balanced nutrition organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and
biofertilizersshould be used together.
Important Points regarding the Nutrition Management in Nursery Plants

31. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Plant Protections in Nursery
Major Pest Groups
The major pests of agricultural importance can be broadly divided into the following
groups:
Insect Pests: Insect pest and mites cause heavy damage to crops. Amongst the one
million species of insects about 200 species can be termed as serious pests in
agriculture.
Plant Diseases: Fungi, bacteria and viruses cause diseases in plants and insects.
Nematodes are also sometimes classified as pathogens.
Weeds: These are the plants that either compete with crop plants thus affecting yield
and quality, or may interfere with the use of land and water resources.
Vertebrate pests: These are mainly rodents, birds and some other mammals like bats
rabbits etc. that cause damage to crops and stored products.

32. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Important methods of pest control are briefly described below:
1. Cultural Method: It refers to manipulation of farm practices to check the pests.
Some of the important cultural methods are: Crop rotations, Tillage methods (deep
summer ploughing), High seed rate, Water management, Manipulation of date of
sowing.
2. Physical Method: These methods involve modification of physical factors in the
environment to minimize or prevent pest problem. Various physical methods are:
Temperature manipulation, Moisture manipulation, Light manipulation, and Use of
sound.
3. Mechanical Method: This refers to the use of mechanical implements and devices
for removal and destruction of pests. Some of them are, Screens, traps, nets and
suction devices, Banding with grease or polythene sheets on stem, Covering of seedling
with net; and water barrier-ant pans.
4. Resistant Varieties: Use of resistant varieties help in avoiding or tolerating or
recovering from pest attack. Resistant varieties have been identified against various
pests in a number of crops.
Methods of Pest Control

33. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
5. Biological Method: This method refers to the use of natural enemies of pests viz.
parasites, predators and microbes or pathogens (bacteria, virus, nematodes, fungi,
protozoa etc.) so as to suppress the pest species. Biological control program can be
carried out in the following ways: conservation and encouragement of indigenous
natural enemies, importation of exotic natural enemies and mass rearing and releases
of parasites/predators and microbes.
6. Chemical Control: The use of chemicals for the control of pests is known as
chemical control. Pesticides are the chemicals used to kill or repel or attract or
sterilize pests. Pesticides are without any doubt an effective means of killing pests
quickly and on demand. No other control method provides users with an immediate and
visibly effective means of pest control.
7. Use of Botanical Pesticides: These include the use plant products with a potential
to control pests. Many plant products (leaf extracts, oils and cakes) have the property of
inhibiting the development of pests and diseases. The plant extracts and oils are
sprayed on the crops. Neem oil, neem cake and other neem based formulations have
been found effective against pests.

34. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
DAMPING OFF SEEDLINGS
It has been recognized as a definite
disease responsible for poor
germination and stand of seedlings
in nursery bed.
The disease may be Physiogenic
(caused by physiological disorder) or
Pathogenic (caused by
microorganisms mostly fungi).
The seedlings of ornamental and
vegetable plants, rootstocks in
nurseries, all are liable to be affected

35. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

36. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

37. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
PRIMARY SOURCE : SOIL
SECONDARY SOURCE : INFECTED ROOTS
FREE DISPOSING FACTOR :
Soil Moisture; High Temp.(20 –30
o
C).
SPREAD : Rain splash and Irrigation water.

38. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Management of the disease
•Thin sowing of seed
•Light soil
•Nursery bed should be raised
•Well drainage
•Steam sterilization of the soil/media
•Seed treatment with
–Thiram -2.5 gm/kg seed
–Captan –2.5 gm/kg seed
•Spraying-(i). Ridomil-1 gm/litre

39. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Field Grown vs. Container
•Field grown production is being replaced by
container grown plants because there is less shock
to the plant.
•Plants are easier to move.
•Retailers can keep plants longer before selling
•Insects, diseases, fertility and pH are easier to
control in uniform media.

40. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•Container grown plants have some
disadvantages such as
–requiring more water
–becoming pot-bound
–requiring winter protection for cold climates
–having a higher start-up cost.
Field Grown vs. Container

41. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
TraysandContainers:
•Differentcontainersareusedinnurserylikewoodenorplastictrays,
pots,plugtraysetcdependinguponthesizeandnumberofplantstobe
raised.
Citrus Plants in Polybags, UAF
Vegetable seedlings in Protrays

42. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•Types of plants grown in containers vary from
ground covers to trees
•Proper selection of containers should include
several considerations such as
–Cost
–Durability
–Appearance
–Insulation value to plant roots
–Shape
–Drainage
–Size

43. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Asexual / Vegetative Propagation
•Asexual propagation is the reproduction of new
plants from stems, leaves, or roots of a parent
plant (Other than seeds).

44. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1)Growersexperienceoftenthatwhentheyplanttheseedofa
superiorplant,forexampleafruittreewithespeciallytasty
fruits,theseedlingdoesnotperformuptotheirexpectations.
Thisisbecausethemothertreepresentsonlyhalfthegeneticmake-upof
theseedsinitsfruits,andthepollenhascomefromanunknownsource.
Thustheseedshaveadifferentgenecombinationthanthemothertree.
2)Manytreespeciesaredioecious,farmersareusuallymore
interestedinthefemale,fruit-orseed-bearingindividuals
andneedonlyafewmaletreesarounditforpollination.Itis
difficultifnotimpossibletopredictinsmallseedlings
whethertheyarefemaleormale.Inthesecases,the
vegetativepropagationofthefemaletreescouldhelp
increasethenumberoffruit-bearingtreesonafarm.
REASONS FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

45. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
4)Anothergoodopportunityforvegetativepropagationis
whentheseedshavelowgerminationrate.Alsothe
numberofseedsproducedmaybelowinsomecases
whenfloweringandfruitingoccursnoteveryyearor
whenfruitsetispoor.
5)Asimilarreasonisthatofparthenocarpy.Somespecies
canproducefruitsthatcontainnoseeds(e.g.,banana,
fig).Whereasthisisanadvantageforhuman
consumption,thesespecieshavetobepropagated
throughvegetativemeans.
6)Manyfruittreespeciesreachtheirreproductivestage
verylate.Bygraftingorlayeringitispossibletoshort-
cutthisprocessandreachmaturitywithinafewyears.
Thisallowsfarmerstomarketfruitsearlierandrealise
anincomemorerapidly.

46. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Advantages of Asexual Propagation
1)Clonal offspring are genetically identical to parent plant, i.e.,
true-to-type.
2)Usually more rapid than sexual (seed) propagation.
3)Vegetative propagation is the only method of propagating
certain plants which have seedless fruits such as banana,
pineapple,some citrus varieties (e.g., Washington Navel
orange).
4)Rootstock benefits can be achieved against stress and to
regulate the tree size, yield, quality and time of ripening

47. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1)Generally, more skill and labour-intensive than seed propagation.
2)Evolving of new variety is not possible
3)Possibility of transmitting viruses in stock plants to vegetatively
propagated offspring.
4)Plants are generally less vigorous and short lived
5)Clonal plantations might not be adapted to sudden environmental
changes, (e.g. pest attacks, drought).
Dis-Advantages of Asexual Propagation

48. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•Adventitious shoots are those appearing any place on the plant
other than from the shoot terminals or in the axils of leaves.
•Adventitiousrootsappear any place on the plant other than from
the radicle (root tip) of the seed or its branches.
•Callusis a mass of undifferentiated and proliferating parenchymacells.

49. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1)Divisions
2)Layering
3)Cuttings
4)Budding
5)Grafting
6)Plant tissue culture
Methods of Vegetative Propagation

50. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Methods of Vegetative Propagation
1)Asexual methods of propagation have been developed and used for
centuries.
2)In temperate regions asexual propagation techniques are extensively used
to domesticate different fruit species and depending upon species special
methods have been developed to multiply them.
3)While in the tropics, relatively few fruit species have received attention with
regard to their vegetative propagation.
4)The most appropriate or promising vegetative propagation techniques for
tropical tree species are: cuttings, grafting and budding, layering and
micropropagation.
5)Other techniques such as division of bulbs, tubers, corms and rhizomes are
usually limited to the production of ornamentals and herbaceous species.

51. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1-Divisions
The formation of a new plant through separation of
an intact plant into 2 or more pieces, each of which
includes some portion of the shoot and root systems
of the original plant.
Cutting apart rhizomes, tubers, runners, stolons, or
suckers to get new plants
Runner Strawberry
Bulb Onion
Corm Gladiolus
Rhizome Iris
Tuber Potato
Tuberous root Sweet potato
Off-shoot Dates / Banana

52. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Runners / Stolon
•Horizontal stem which grows or runs over the soil
surface.
•The terminal bud sends up new shoots & down new
roots from it.
•Example: mints, strawberries, and grasses.
Strawberry stolon anatomy

53. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

54. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

55. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Bulbs
Tunicate Bulbs The onion is an example of
a tunicate bulb (also called laminate bulb).
This type of bulb consists of concentric
layers of tightly arranged scales, the
outermost layer being a dry,
membranous protective layer (tunic).
Other examples are daffodil and tulip.
Bulbs
A bulb (an underground bud) has a reduced stem, roots, fleshy leaves
swollen with storedfood and a main bud in the centre which grows into a new
plant
e.g. onion, daffodil, tulip

56. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Scaly, or nontunicate, bulbs lack an
outer dry protective membrane.
They are more delicate and require
special handling to prevent drying
and damage. The scales are not tight
but loose and can be removed
individually from the bulb. The lily
is a nontunicate
bulb.
Lilium scaly bulb

57. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Corm
•A swollen underground stem base, it’s composed of solid
tissue rather than scales
•Roots grow from a basal plate at the corm’s bottom; the
growth point is at the top
Gladiolus corms with cormels
Cormels may take 2 to 3
years to reach flowering size

58. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•A thickened stem growing horizontally
partially or entirely below ground
•Its roots grow directly from the underside
•The primary growing point is at one end
of the rhizome
–Additional growing points form along
the sides
•Division-cut into sections that have
visible growing points
Rhizome

59. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Quack Grass
•Other plants, like ginger,
produce large, thick
rhizomes called
pachymorphs.
The pachymorph rhizome of Ginger

60. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Tuber
•A tuber is an underground stem
that storesfood.
•We know a potato is a tuber
because it has nodes (eyes)
which produce new shoots.

61. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Tubers

62. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Offshoots / Suckers

63. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

64. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
2-Layering
•Theformationofanewplantthroughregenerationofnewrootson
aportionoftheshootofanintactplant,followedbydetachmentof
thenewlyrootedshoottogiveanewintactplant.
•Layeringisameansofplantpropagationinwhichaportionofan
aerialstemgrowsrootswhilestillattachedtotheparentplantand
thendetachesasanindependentplant.
•Layeringhasevolvedasacommonmeansofvegetative
propagationofnumerousspeciesinnaturalenvironments.
•Layeringisalsoutilizedbyhorticulturiststopropagatedesirable
plants.
•Naturallayeringtypicallyoccurswhenabranchtouchestheground,
whereuponitproducesadventitiousroot.

65. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Advantages
1.Maysucceedwithspeciesdifficulttopropagatebycuttingorgrafting
becausewaterandcarbohydratesfromthelayeredplant’sownintactroot
systemarecontinuouslytranslocatedtothezoneofrootformation;hence
waterandnutrientstressareavoided.
2.Relativelylowlevelofskill,minimalequipmentandfacilitiesrequired.
Disadvantages
1.Labourintensive,noteasilymechanized.
2.Multiplicationratefromasinglestockplantisrelativelylowcomparedto
othervegetativepropagationtechniques,sincestockplantsmustbewell
spreadoutandrelativelyfewrootedlayerscanbeobtainedfromeach.
3.Soilbornepathogensmightaccumulateinthestockplantareaandmake
expensivesoilfumigationnecessary.

66. Types of Layering
Air layering (marcottage/ Ghooti)
Ground Layering :
Trench layering
Mound or stool layering

67. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Air layering (Method)
Inair layering(or marcotting), the target region is wounded, or a
strip of bark is removed.
Rooting hormoneis often applied to encourage the wounded
region to grow roots.
When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem
from the parent plant is removed and planted.
It can take the layer from a few weeks to one or more growing
seasons to produce sufficient roots.
•E.g.: Rubber Plants , Litchi

68. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

69. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
New plants form at each node along the stem while
still attached to the plant
–Is cutting a trench and laying a branch in the trench
–Types of trench layering are simple, tip, and serpentine
–Examples of plants for trench layering
•Grapes
•Clematis
Trench Layering

70. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Trench layering
Simple Layering
Tip Layering
Serpentine Layering

71. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
–Is mounding the soil on a branch
–An example would be an azalea and crab apple
Mound layering

72. 3-Cuttings
Adetachedplantorgan(stem,leaforroot)orcombinationoforgans(shoot,a
stemwithabud,withorwithoutaleaf)iscapableofregeneratingnew
(adventitious)missingorgansunderappropriateenvironmentalconditions.
Advantages
Easiestandoftenleastexpensivemethodofvegetativepropagation.
Plantpropagatedfromacuttingisonitsownrootsystem,thecomplexstock-
scionrelationships(includingpossibleincompatibilities)thatexistinagrafted
plantareavoided.
Disadvantages
Someplantsaredifficultorimpossibletorootfromcuttings(e.g.,Acaciasp.).
Benefitsderivedfromusinggraftedrootstockscannotbeexploited(size
control,etc.).

73. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Types of cuttings
•Root cuttings: ( shrub, guava breadfruit, apple pear
cherry and persimmon)
•Planted horizontal a piece of 10-25cm
•Stem cuttings :
•Hard wood cuttings
•Semi hard wood
•Soft wood

74. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Stem cuttings
•Soft wood: flower shrub,
guava,
•Semi hard wood : mango,
guava, lemon, jack fruit, shrubs
•Hard wood cuttings :
deciduous plants,
pomegranate, sweet lime, fig
•Pencil thickness, 18-25 cm
length, upper and lower cut
5cm above and below
•R x R 30cm and C X C 15 cm

75. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•From previous season’s mature growth.
•When stem shed leaves, hard and lignified. e.g. sweet lime,
lime, lemon, grapes, pomegranate, fig, plum
•Pencil thickness, 15-25 cm long. Upper cut (5 cm from node).
(slanting) At right angle to reduce size of wound.
–Basal cut
•close to node, round, to increase surface area for
nutrient absorption.
•Proper distance
–Close planting results in damping off
HARD WOOD CUTTINGS (HWC)

76. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
•2/3 of HW and 1/2 of SW cuttings shall be in soil in slanting
position
–to avoid entrance of rain water
–To expel air, firmly press the soil around.
–Keep moist by daily irrigation.
–Soil temperature 18-21°C gives more growth of roots.
•Evergreen spring & rainy season
•Deciduousin dormant season &
stored for planting in spring
Hardwood Cuttings (HWC)

77. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

78. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Definitions
Grafting:joiningof2ormoreplantpartssothattheygrow
togetherandfunctionasasingleunit.
Budding(budgrafting):anygraftingtechniqueinvolvinga
scionconsistingofasinglebud;theterm“grafting”usually
appliestotechniquesinwhichthescionisashootsection
withseveralbuds.
Scion:theupperportionofthegraftedpair,whichdevelops
intotheshootsystemofthenewplant.
Rootstock(stock,understock):thelowerportionthat
includes(butisnotnecessarilylimitedto)therootsystem.
4-Budding and Grafting

79. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1.Propagation:usefultechniqueforperpetuatingand
multiplyingsomeplantclonesthatcannotbeeasilyor
convenientlymultipliedbyothervegetativemeans.
2.Useofbenefitsconferredbyspecificrootstocks:
-sizecontrol(e.g.,Mallingseriesapplerootstocks,trifoliate
orangeforcitrus);
-pestanddiseaseresistance;
-tolerancetohighsoilmoisture,lowtemperature,salinity
oralkalinity.
Uses of Grafting and Budding

80. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
1.Compatibility:stockandscionmustbegeneticallycompatible(iftheyare
closelyrelatedenoughtohybridizesexually,theywillprobablyforma
compatiblegraftunion).
2.Cambialalignment:vascularcambiumofthescionmustbeinintimate
contact(orverycloseproximity)withthevascularcambiumofthestock.
3.Timing:graftingoperationmustbedoneatatimewhenthestockandscion
areintheproperphysiologicalstage.Inmanycases,graftingisperformed
whenscionbudsaredormantandrootstockisjustresuminggrowth.This
avoidsexcessivedesiccationassociatedwithnewlyflushinggrowthofthe
stem.
Limitations
Sometimesthefailureofagraftedtreetosurvivecanbeobservedbecausestock
andscionareinsufficientlygeneticallyrelated.Thisistermed“incompatibility”.
Principles

81. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Steps in grafting and budding
•Raising of rootstock :
•Selection and care of Scion:
•Plump, mature, un spouted well developed buds

82. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Budding
•Easy to perform
•More used compared to Grafting
Types
•Shield/T budding
•Ring budding
•Chip Budding
•Patch Budding

83. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Shield/T budding
•Most common method for
–Citrus, ber, loquat and roses
–Other ornamental trees and shrubs
•Used when cell sap is freely moving
•Leaf blades are cut off leaving petioles
–3-4 cm bark is taken having single bud
–Shield has wood inside
•Removed from thornless buds
•Kept intact with thorny buds eg. citrus
–Cut on rootstock
•1.25-1.5 cm wide
•3-4 cm deep

84. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Shield/T budding
–Don’t injure the underneath wood
–Wrap with plastid strip, bud is exposed
•To position firmly
•Exclude air and moisture
–Union complete in 4 week
•After sprouting, stock is cut to encourage rapid growth of
budding
•Tying material is removed

85. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

86. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences

87. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Plant Tissue Culture

88. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Plant cells have the ability to reproduce the
whole plant from single cells. This is called
totipotency.
Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to
express the full genome in the cells to which it
gives rise by cell division.
Why does Plant Tissue Culture work?

89. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Asexual (vegetative) propagation of plants in vitro
It is the production of whole plants from small sections of
plant such as a stem tip, node, meristem, embryo, or even a
seed (Explant)
It is a method of propagating plants that uses very small
parts of plants that are grown in sterile culture.
Clone
Genetically identical assemblage of individuals
propagated entirely by vegetative means from a single
plant.
in vitro (lab) and aseptic(free from germs) cultivation of any plants parts on a
medium in an artificial environment.

90. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Applications
Mass propagation
Propagation of difficult to root plants
Introduction of new cultivars
Vegetative propagation of parent plants used for
hybrid seed
Eradication of viruses, fungi, bacteria
Storage of germplasm

91. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
From one to many propagules rapidly
Multiplication in controlled lab conditions
Continuous propagation year round
Potential for disease-free propagules
Inexpensive per plant once established
Precise crop production scheduling
Reduce stock plant space
Long-term germplasm storage
Production of difficult-to-propagate species
Advantages

92. Dr. RanaMazharAbbas Hort-302 Institute of Horticultural Sciences
Disadvantages
Specialized equipment/facilities required
More technical expertise required
Protocols not optimized for all species
Plants produced may not fit industry standards
Relatively expensive to set up?