Plant secondary metabolites 12345678.pptx

This ppt briefs about plant secondary metabolites and various functions performed by them

1. PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES Presented By Rajat Kumar (F-2024-55-M) To Dr. Neerja Rana (Assistant Professor)

2. INTRODUCTION Plant secondary metabolites are substances produced by plants to protect themselves from other organisms or to adapt to environmental stresses . They are non nutritive components of the plant metabolism and are important sources for pharmaceuticals , food additives, flavors and biochemicals. The absence of secondary metabolites does not lead to cell death but it can adversely affect the survivability of the organisms in the long term the secondary metabolites are the term used for more then 12,000 alkaloids , 40,000 terpenoids and 8,000 phenyl propanoids which are exclusively produced by plant .

3. HISTORY During the last century ,the term ‘secondary metabolites’ is first suggested by Albrecht Kossel in 1910 and then by a polish botanist Friedrich czapek , 30 years later who described SM’s as the end products of the nitrogen metabolism . The most historical famous NP is Penicillium notatum and was discovered by Fleming in 1929 . The development of significant sophisticated analytical techniques , such as chromatography , in the middle of the 20 th century made it possible to learn about the Secondary Metabolites and their chemical structures .

4. CLASSIFICATION

5. TERPENES PHENOLICS N & S CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Diterpenes Triterpenes Tetraterpenes Polyterpenes Alkaloids Glucosinolates Cyanogenic glucosides Non-protein amino acids Simple phenols Polyphenols Flavonoids Isoflavonoids Furanocoumarins Stilbenes Lignans Tannins

6. TERPENES It’s a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites. It also contains some primary metabolites that are essential for plant growth and development. Terpenoids are oxygenated hydrocarbons, and terpenes are just long hydrocarbon chains. It’s represented by a general formula: (C5H8)n, where n represents the number of 5- carbon isoprene units. They are also known as isoprenoid compounds. The terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units in the molecule. It includes: Hemiterpene:  It consists of a single isoprene unit. Its examples include isovaleric acid from  Vaccinium myrtillus , and angelic acid isolated from  Angelica archangelica .

7. Monoterpene:  It consists of two isoprene units. They are further classified based on their structure as hydrocarbons, alcohol, ketones, alcohol esters, and aldehydes. Its examples are Carvone, Linalool, Limonene, Linalyl acetate, and Citronellal. Sesquiterpene:  It has three isoprene units. Its examples include caryophyllene and farnesol. A number of these compounds show antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal activities. Diterpene:  It contains four isoprene units. A few examples of this group are gibberellins, cembrane , phytane, and labdane. They possess a range of medicinal activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Sesterterpenes :  It consists of five isoprene units. Its example is geranyl farnesol.

8. Triterpenes:  It has six isoprene units. An example of triterpene is quassin . Sesquarterterpene :  It is composed of seven isoprene units. Tetraterpene:  It contains eight isoprene units. Its examples are carotenoids and xanthophylls. Polyterpene :  It includes molecules having more than eight isoprene units. An example of this group of terpene is natural rubber.

9. STRUCTURE

10. PHENOLICS These are organic compounds having an aromatic ring structure with one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups. They are the most abundant and largest group of secondary metabolites found in plants. They have a range of structures, starting from a single aromatic ring to a highly complex polymeric compound. They are classified on the basis of biosynthetic origin, as well as their structure. Here’s their classification, according to their structural composition: Simple Phenolics:  They are defined as compounds having at least one hydroxyl group attached to the basic skeleton of an aromatic ring. It includes compounds like gallic acid, eugenol, catechol, salicylic acid, hydroquinone, and thymol.

11. Coumarins:  It’s a derivative of benzo-α-pyrone. Clover and melotot are the richest sources of coumarins. Its examples are esculetin, scopoletin , and umbelliferone . Tannin:  These are water-soluble phenol derivatives. They are of two types: hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins. Its examples include gallotannins , geraniin, and ellagitannins. Flavonoids:  These are the largest group of phenolics secondary metabolites, found in almost all vegetables and fruits. Its examples are quercetin, cyanidin, delphinidin, and luteolin. It’s predominantly found in the Umbelliferae , Polygonaceae , Leguminosae, Compositae, and Rutaceae families of plants. Lignans:  They are dimeric compounds, formed by joining two molecules of phenylpropene derivative. Their examples include matairesinol and Wikstrom .

12. Stilbenes:  They are a widely distributed small group of phenolic compounds. Its example is resveratrol. Chromones and Xanthones:  These are structural derivatives of benzo-γ-pyrone. They are not of much pharmaceutical importance. Their examples are eugenin , khellin , and furanochromones.

13. STRUCTURE

14. ALKALOIDS It’s the only nitrogen-containing secondary metabolite found in plants. They are heterogeneous and contain one or more nitrogen atoms. They are produced by a range of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Their  basic types include acridones, aromatics, carbolines, ephedras , ergots, imidazoles , indoles, bisindoles , indolizines, manzamines, oxindoles, quinolines, quinazolines, phenyl isoquinoline , phenylethylamines, piperidines, purines, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidines, pyrroloindoline, pyridines, and simple tetrahydroisoquinolines . A few examples of alkaloids are: nicotine, caffeine, and vinblastine.

15. CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES Cyanogenic glycosides are toxic chemicals produced by plants that release hydrogen cyanide under certain conditions They are found in at least 2000 species including that are used as food .The process of releasing hydrogen cyanide is called cyanogenesis . Plants use cyanogenic glycosides as a chemical defence against hebivores . Some foods that contain cyanogenic glycosides are cassava , sorghum , stone fruits , bamboo roots and almonds . Linamarin from cassava and amygdalin from stone fruit seeds are examples of cyanogenic glycosides .

16. GLUCOSINOLATES Glucosinolates are sulphur containing secondary metabolites produces by plants of the brassicales order . Glucosinolates are responsible for the pungent taste of plants like cabbage , mustard and radish . Glucosinolates and their breakdown have health benefits including anti cancer antioxidant , antibacterial and detoxifying properties . They are the natural pesticides that protect plants from insects herbivores and pathogens The amount of glucosinolate are primary lost into the cooking water .

17. NON PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS Non-protein amino acids are amino acids that are not incorporated into proteins. They are not coded by the genetic code and are not involved in protein synthesis. These amino acids have various functions in the body . Cystine – It is a non essential amino acids and helps to heal skin wounds and produce red and white blood cells . Alanine – A non polar amino acid that help regulate blood sugar levels and is involved in energy metabolism . Methionine – An non polar essential amino acid that plays role in the synthesis of cysteine , carnitine and taurine .

18. FUNCTIONS SURVIVAL – Secondary metabolites help organisms survive by acting as weapons against other organisms such as bacteria , fungi , plants , insects and animals . NUTRIENT SCAVENGING - Secondary metabolites can act as scavenging agents for important nutrients . METAL TRANSPORT - Secondary metabolites can transport metals . PROTECTION - Secondary metabolites help protect organisms from harmful environmental conditions and pathogens . SYMBIOSIS - Secondary metabolites help establish and maintain symbiotic relationship between microbes , plants , nematodes , insects and higher animals .

19. FUNCTIONS SEXUAL HORMONES - Secondary metabolites act as sexual hormones. CARNIVORES PLANTS - Secondary metabolites help carnivores plants to attract , capture , digest and assimilate prey . PLANT EVOLUTION - Secondary metabolites are important drivers of plant diversification and evolution . PLANT FITNESS - Secondary metabolites are involved in many fundamental processes associated with plant fitness .