PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATION

Introduction
Historical background of plasma physics
Occurrence of plasma
Production of plasma
Research
Applications of Plasma

1. WELCOME Topic: PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATION Group - 02 Course name : PLASMA PHYSICS Course code : PH-403

2. Md. Jahir Alam (202) Utpal Chandra Barman(204) Mehedi Hassan(206) Md. Atikul Islam(207) Md. Sohel Rana(208) Md Motiur Rahman Shamim(210) Sudipto Das(203) Group Members

3. PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATION We will discuss about the following points in this presentation. Introduction Historical background of plasma physics Occurrence of plasma Production of plasma Research Applications of Plasma 3

4. Matter Introduction to

5. Essential Question What is Matter?

6. MATTER Substances that contain only one type of atom are elements. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. — anything that has mass and takes up space

7. What isn’t matter? Anything that does not have mass or take up space. Examples: heat, light, emotions, thoughts, ideas

8. States of Matter The Four States of Matter 8 Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

9. States of Matter The Four States of Matter Basis of Classification of the Four Types Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles 9

10. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

11. States of Matter Solids Examples of Particle Movement 11

12. States of Matter Liquids Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. 12

13. States of Matter Liquids Examples of Particle Movement 13

14. States of Matter Gases Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. 14

15. Gases Particle Movement Examples 15 States of Matter

16. But Will everything just be a gas? what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

17. States of Matter Plasma A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. 17

18. What is Plasma? 18 Plasma is considered 4th State of Matter despite solids, liquids and gases. It is one of the fundamental states of matter. Technically, it is an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons ,typically at low pressures (as in the upper atmosphere and in fluorescent lamps) or at very high temperatures (as in stars and nuclear fusion reactors). Plasma should be called 1st state of matter because it is what all the states arise from.

19. States of Matter Plasma Particles The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue ). 19

20. STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

21. When blood is cleared of its various corpuscles there remains a transparent liquid, which was named  plasma  (after the Greek word , which means ``mouldable substance'' or ``jelly'') by the great Czech medical scientist, Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869). The Nobel prize winning American chemist Irving Langmuir first used this term to describe an ionized gas in 1927--Langmuir was reminded of the way blood plasma carries red and white corpuscles by the way an electrified fluid carries electrons and ions. Langmuir, along with his colleague Lewi Tonks, was investigating the physics and chemistry of tungsten-filament light-bulbs, with a view to finding a way to greatly extend the lifetime of the filament (a goal which he eventually achieved). In the process, he developed the theory of  plasma sheaths --the boundary layers which form between ionized plasmas and solid surfaces. He also discovered that certain regions of a plasma discharge tube exhibit periodic variations of the electron density, which we nowadays term  Langmuir waves . This was the genesis of Plasma Physics. Interestingly enough, Langmuir's research nowadays forms the theoretical basis of most  plasma processing  techniques for fabricating integrated circuits. After Langmuir, plasma research gradually spread in other directions, of which  five  are particularly significant. Historical background of plasma physics Irving Langmuir

22. The development of radio broadcasting led to the discovery of the Earth's  ionosphere , a layer of partially ionized gas in the upper atmosphere which reflects radio waves, and is responsible for the fact that radio signals can be received when the transmitter is over the horizon. Unfortunately, the ionosphere also occasionally absorbs and distorts radio waves. For instance, the Earth's magnetic field causes waves with different polarizations (relative to the orientation of the magnetic field) to propagate at different velocities, an effect which can give rise to ``ghost signals'' ( i.e. , signals which arrive a little before, or a little after, the main signal). In order to understand, and possibly correct, some of the deficiencies in radio communication, various scientists, such as E.V. Appleton and K.G.  Budden , systematically developed the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation through non-uniform magnetized plasmas. Firstly

23. Astrophysicists quickly recognized that much of the Universe consists of plasma, and, thus, that a better understanding of astrophysical phenomena requires a better grasp of plasma physics. The pioneer in this field was Hannes Alfvén , who around 1940 developed the theory of  magnetohydrodyamics , or MHD, in which plasma is treated essentially as a conducting fluid. This theory has been both widely and successfully employed to investigate sunspots, solar flares, the solar wind, star formation, and a host of other topics in astrophysics. Two topics of particular interest in MHD theory are  magnetic reconnection  and  dynamo theory . Magnetic reconnection is a process by which magnetic field-lines suddenly change their topology: it can give rise to the sudden conversion of a great deal of magnetic energy into thermal energy, as well as the acceleration of some charged particles to extremely high energies, and is generally thought to be the basic mechanism behind solar flares. Dynamo theory studies how the motion of an MHD fluid can give rise to the generation of a macroscopic magnetic field. This process is important because both the terrestrial and solar magnetic fields would decay away comparatively rapidly (in astrophysical terms) were they not maintained by dynamo action. The Earth's magnetic field is maintained by the motion of its molten core, which can be treated as an MHD fluid to a reasonable approximation. Hannes Alfvén Secondly

24. The creation of the hydrogen bomb in 1952 generated a great deal of interest in  controlled thermonuclear fusion  as a possible power source for the future. At first, this research was carried out secretly, and independently, by the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. However, in 1958 thermonuclear fusion research was declassified, leading to the publication of a number of immensely important and influential papers in the late 1950's and the early 1960's. Broadly speaking, theoretical plasma physics first emerged as a mathematically rigorous discipline in these years. Not surprisingly, Fusion physicists are mostly concerned with understanding how a thermonuclear plasma can be trapped--in most cases by a magnetic field--and investigating the many plasma instabilities which may allow it to escape. Thirdly

25. James A. Van Allen's discovery in 1958 of the Van Allen radiation belts surrounding the Earth, using data transmitted by the U.S. Explorer satellite, marked the start of the systematic exploration of the Earth's magnetosphere via satellite, and opened up the field of  space plasma physics . Space scientists borrowed the theory of plasma trapping by a magnetic field from fusion research, the theory of plasma waves from ionospheric physics, and the notion of magnetic reconnection as a mechanism for energy release and particle acceleration from astrophysics. Fourthly James A. Van Allen

26. The development of high powered lasers in the 1960's opened up the field of  laser plasma physics . When a high powered laser beam strikes a solid target, material is immediately ablated, and a plasma forms at the boundary between the beam and the target. Laser plasmas tend to have fairly extreme properties ( e.g. , densities characteristic of solids) not found in more conventional plasmas. A major application of laser plasma physics is the approach to fusion energy known as  inertial confinement fusion . In this approach, tightly focused laser beams are used to implode a small solid target until the densities and temperatures characteristic of nuclear fusion ( i.e. , the centre of a hydrogen bomb) are achieved. Another interesting application of laser plasma physics is the use of the extremely strong electric fields generated when a high intensity laser pulse passes through a plasma to accelerate particles. High-energy physicists hope to use plasma acceleration techniques to dramatically reduce the size and cost of particle accelerators. Finally The CLF’s laser systems are built and maintained by our laser experts (Credit: STFC)

27. 27 Occurrence of plasma Three forms of plasma Plasmas occur naturally but can also be artificially made. Naturally occurring plasmas can be Earth-based (terrestrial) or space-based (astrophysical). • There are three major types of Plasma i.e. • Natural Plasma: Natural Plasma only exist at very high temperature or low temperature vacuum. It do not react rapidly but it is extremely hot (over 20,000 oC ). There energy is so high that it vaporizes everything they touch. • Artificial Plasma: Artificial Plasma can be created by ionization of a gas , as in neon signs. Plasma at low temperature is hard to maintain because outside a vacuum, low temperature plasma reacts rapidly with any molecule it encounters. This aspect makes this material, both very useful and hard to use. • Terrestrial is a plasma layer that blankets the outer reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere.

28. 28 Astrophysical plasma Terrestrial plasma Artificially produced All stars Solar wind Interstellar nebulae Space between planets, star systems and galaxies Lightning bolt Auroras Ionosphere Extremely hot flames Plasma TVs Fluorescent lighting Plasma torch for cutting and welding Plasma-assisted coatings

29. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

30. Extremely hot Flames Some places where plasmas are found…

31. Lightning bolt

32. Aurora (Northern Lights)

33. 34 Eden Park floodlights

34. Formation of Plasma • When more heat is provided to atoms or molecules, they may be ionized. An electron may gain enough energy to escape its atom. After the escape of electron, atoms become ions. In sufficiently heated gas, ionization happens many times, creating clouds of free electrons and ions. • This ionized gas mixture consisting of ions, electrons and neutral atoms is called PLASMA.

35. PLASMA IN EARLY UNIVERSE • Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act differently than a gas. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper. • Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, like in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, like in outer space.

36. Basic Properties Temperature Quasi-neutrality Thermal speed Plasma frequency Plasma period

37. Debye length System size and time Debye shielding λ D U →0

38. Debye lengths

39. The  plasma parameter  is a dimensionless number, denoted by capital Lambda, Λ. The plasma parameter is usually interpreted to be the argument of the Coulomb logarithm, which is the ratio of the maximum impact parameter to the classical distance of closest approach in Coulomb scattering. In this case, the plasma parameter is given by Strong coupling Weak coupling where n  is the number density of electrons, λ D  is the  Debye length . Plasma parameter

40. Weakly coupled plasmas

41. Production of plasma Solar nebula planetary rings interstellar medium comet tails noctilucent clouds lightning Microelectronic processing rocket exhaust fusion devices Natural Man - made

42. Our solar system accumulated out of a dense cloud of gas and dust, forming everything that is now part of our world. Rosette Nebula

43. Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) Occur in the summer polar mesosphere (~ 82 km) 50 nm ice crystals Associated with unusual radar echoes and reductions in the local ionospheric density

44. An early temperature measurement in a dusty plasma. A flame is a very weakly ionized plasma that contains soot particles.

45. Comet Hale-Bopp

46. Spokes in Saturn’s B Ring Voyager 2 Nov. 1980 Cassini- Huygens July 2004

47. Semiconductor Manufacturing dust Si

48. Research Plasmas are the object of study of the academic field of plasma science or plasma physics, including sub-disciplines such as space plasma physics. It currently involves the following fields of active research and features across many journals, whose interest includes • Plasma theory • Plasmas in nature • Industrial plasmas • Astrophysical plasma • Plasma diagnostics • Plasma application • Dielectric barrier discharge • Enhanced oil recovery • Fusion power

49. Experimental Research On plasma physics Light Impurity transport on Alcator C-Mod Accumulation of impurities in a tokamak discharge leads to dilution of the fusion fuel, to enhanced energy loss, and to marked effects on stability. The confluence of the measurement of characteristic profiles shapes and their prediction by turbulence theory provides the opportunity to make progress both toward fusion and toward understanding of the physics of transport. Improved measurements of the ITB boron density with integrated CXRS/BES system Develop a BES diagnostic for measurement of beam density to reduce uncertainty in CXRS measurement of boron density by removing the requirement for separate calibration of beam density and the requirement for measurement of etendue.

50. Some name of Recent Experiments 1)Interpretation of Experiments in Laser-Driven Fusion 2)Experiments on the Absorption of High Intensity Laser Light and Subsequent Compression of Spherical Targets 3) Compression of Laser-Irradiated Hollow Microspheres 4) Collective Behaviour in Recent Laser-Plasma Experiments

51. Theoretical Plasma Astrophysics Plasma Astrophysics is the cross-disciplinary field that aims at understanding various astrophysical phenomena by applying the knowledge obtained in Plasma Physics. Since most of the visible matter in the universe --- stars, hot gas in clusters of galaxies, and various phases of the interstellar medium inside galaxies --- exists in the plasma form, the field of Plasma Astrophysics is very broad and diverse, both in its methods and in the areas of application

52.  Theoretical and computational research aimed at understanding some of the most fascinating and important astrophysical phenomena, such as: Fundamental physics of magnetic reconnection Radiative relativistic magnetic reconnection and associated nonthermal particle acceleration and radiation emission, and astrophysical applications such as: pulsar magnetospheres and pulsar wind nebulae (PWN) blazar/AGN jets gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) coronae of accreting black holes in AGN and XRBs Turbulent accretion disks around black holes and their magnetically-active coronae. Magnetic reconnection in high-energy-density astrophysical plasmas with applications to magnetar flares and gamma-ray bursts. Quantum plasma physics.

53. Applications of Plasma Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process of recombining nuclei to form different nuclei and release vast amounts of energy. This is the process that powers the sun. If we can harness it, nuclear fusion has the potential to provide us with nearly limitless amounts of clean energy. As such, it is often described as the Holy Grail of plasma physics. There are three conditions necessary for nuclear fusion: high temperatures ( to about 10 7  K), high density, and prolonged stability. The high temperature requirement places us in the regime of plasmas. While experiments have attained these high temperatures, the primary difficulty is in achieving a sufficiently high combination of density and stability.

54. Propulsion in Space Plasmas also have applications in the propulsion of spacecraft. The ZaP experiment is particularly well-suited to this application. Since it requires no externally applied magnetic field, the weight and size requirements of a such a vehicle are drastically lower than other plasma configurations would require. A diagram of a possible ZaP thruster design is shown in Figure 1. Such a thruster could achieve an Isp of 1,000,000 s, and a thrust on the order of 10 5  N (similar to a Boeing 747).

55. That’s all Any Queries?