Podium

podium

1. Podium

2. What is Podium? Any of various elements that form the “foot,” or base, of a structure, such as a raised pedestal or base, a low wall supporting columns, or the structurally or decoratively emphasized lowest portion of a wall. Sometimes the basement story of a building may be treated as a podium. The podium is usually designed with a modeled base and plinth at the bottom; a central surface known as a die, or dado; and a projecting cornice, or cap. Major Roman examples can be seen in the Maison Carrée (c. 12  BC ) in Nîmes , France, and the  Temple of Fortuna Virilis  (c. 40  BC ) in the Forum Boarium at Rome.

3. How it acts as a Functional Component? Podiums are a good way to incorporate usages that just need horizontal space, such as conference halls, or street space such as shops or other public amenities. Contrary to the stand-alone shafts, podiums offer the opportunity to use urban space that otherwise might be experienced as public emptiness. On the other hand, a horizontally orientated and designed podium might not be the most exciting thing to pass from a pedestrian point of view, especially when the space inside the podium is deemed private. On the individual building level, existing low-rise building can be re-used as podiums for skyscrapers, as it is the case in the World Trade Center in Rotterdam, or the Hearts Tower in New York City.

4. How it acts as a Functional Component?

5. How it acts as a Structural Component?  The framing members above the podium are often not coincident with the framing below. As such, the podium also serves as a transfer slab to pick up conventional bearing walls above and distribute them to the supporting beams below.  The code-prescribed fire resistance rating is typically 2-hours or 3-hours. Assuming normal vehicular parking spaces at 9’-0” wide a module of 29’-0” permits the use of three (3) spaces ganged together with no interference from the columns.  The flat surface of the bottom soffit provides a workable substrate for rigid insulation, if so required.

6. What is podium slab? Podium slabs are special type of floor system that transfers loads from a steel or wood frame structure above the slab to walls and columns below. Load bearing elements such as walls and columns of superstructure above the podium slab may not align with substructure load bearing elements below. Typically, the superstructure built from wood, metal studs or structural steel. Generally, this type of slab constructed and placed at ground level parking with 3-4 levels of conventional residential construction above. The name is derived from the “podium” that separates the two occupancies. This article presents podium slab along with its functions, advantages and disadvantages.

7. Functions of podium slab It works as a structural floor and transfer slab for loads from the above superstructure to the walls and columns below. As a horizontal separation, podium slab works as a fire separation between different building occupancy types Podium slab construction techniques The following construction systems have been used for podium slabs: Post-tensions cast in place construction technique Precast hollow core; this construction system is preferred it provides immediate safe working platform and excellent construction speed. podium slab construction using hollow core precast units

8. Advantages of podium slabs Provide solid separation between parking areas and living spaces and consequently offers sound and fire protection. The application of post-tensioned two-way podium slab permits the decrease of overall thickness of the frame. This will cause the reduction of excavation because the parking is below grade. Flat soffit does not need extra fire protection provided that adequate cover for rebars and post tensioning are provided. Additionally, the flat soffit permits efficient lighting, electrical, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Forms can be stripped two to three days after the post tensioning application. It is proven to be cost effective. It provides large open spaces at or below grade for example parking and retail. In single family and multi-family residential structures, podium slab provides high fire rating, decline sound transmission and floor vibration. Disadvantages of podium slab In the case of precast hollow podium slab, provision of proper connections is not easy, the unit may damage in the case of improper handling and transportation, and need special equipment and machines to move and lift precast units. In the case of post-tensions cast in place podium slab, construction work is complex, low quality workmanship could cause accidents, and there is a possibility of tendon corrosion

9. TAIPEI 101 AR. C.Y.Lee & Partners

10. Location T aiwan P opulation: 23 M GDP per Capita: 27,572 (24) T aipei 101

11. Project Details Architect – C.Y.Lee & Partners Structural Engineer – Shaw Shieh Structural Consult. – ThorntonTomasetti Engineers, New York City Year Started – June 1998 Total Height – 508m No. of Floors – 101 Plan Area – 50m X 50m Cost – $ 700 million Building Use – Office Complex + Mall Parking - 83,000 m2, 1800 cars Retail - Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2) Offices - Taiwan Stock Exchange (198,347 m2)

12. Project Profile Project Details Construction Dates Began 1998 Finished 2004 Height 508 m2 Floors Main Tower 101 Podium 6 Basement 5 Floor Area 412,500 m2 Structural Types - High-rise -Tuned mass damper - Pole Architectural Style -Pagoda Style Materials – Glass Steel

13. Taipei 101 The tallest building in the world

14. PODIUM PLAN GROUND &FIRST FLOOR

15. PODIUM PLAN SECOND &THIRDFLOOR

16. PODIUM PLAN FOURTH & FIFTH FLOOR

17. PODIUM SECTION

18. PODIUM SECTION

19. Taipei 101 Mall Opened in Nov. 2003 Located in Taipei 101 Tower’s 75,900 sqm podium Target Market -High-end -Tourist Strong Brand-image

20. Taipei 101 Mall 6-story shopping mall B1 Jason Marketplace… Food court 1F Avenue 101… Popular fashion brands 2F Designer Walk… Designer brands 3F Galleries Couture… Couture brand flagship stores 4F City Square… Delicate restaurants, Bookstore 5F Financial Center… Banks, VIP service

21. Taipei 101 Mall Main Brands -High-End Celine, Christian Dior, Cartier, Dolce & Gabbana, Escada, Gucci, Issey Miyake, Kenzo, Louis Vuitton, Loewe, Miu Miu, Omega, Prada, Bvlgari, Tiffany… -Popular Brands Mango, Benetton, Calvin Klein, D&G, DKNY, Tommy Hilfiger…

22. Taipei 101 SWOT Analysis Strengths Convenient Public Transportation (Rapid Transit System) The building itself is a scenic spot Special Events Layout (more space)…the mall setting Hand-free shopping experience One-stop shopping for high-end customer Weaknesses -- Crowded -- Traffic Jam -- Limited parking space -- Uncommon Floor setting -- Undifferentiated product offering

23. Taipei 101 SWOT Analysis Opportunities CBD GDP growth – more high-end customers Globalization – more tourists and unified brand preference Threats Mall: Shin Kong Mitsukoshi Sogo Breeze Shopping Center New York New York Shopping Center

24. The challenges to design and build a super-tall building in Taipei: Height Typhoon Winds Frequent strong Earthquakes Weak clayey soils

25. FACTORS THAT MAKE CONSTRUCTION DIFFICULT AS THE EARTH BENEATH TAIPAE IS SOFT CLAY IT DEMANDS UNQUELY DESIGNED FOUNDATION ABOVE THE GROUND EARTHQUAKE AND TYPHOON INDUCES HORIZONTAL FORCES FOR ERATHQAUKE RESISTING :- FLEXIBLE FOR TYPHOON RESISTING :- STIFFNESS DESIGN CRITERA

26. 101’s Strengths Designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes. Withstand 134 mph winds Withstand a 7.0 Richter scale earthquake, only happens in a 2,500 year cycle. Withstood a 6.8 earthquake during construction in which a crane fell off of the tower and killed 5 people.

27. The structure is reinforced by a Moment Frame System linking the columns on all floors 36 columns provide vertical support, including eight mega columns around the perimeter. The world’s largest passive tuned mass wind damper, suspended from level 92 down to level 88 The Tower is built on 380 concrete piles, sunk 80 meters into the ground

28. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING SHOWING VARIOUS ELEMENTS SUPER CLOUMNS OUTRIGGER TRUSS MEGAFRAME PILINGS

29. Outrigger columns are visible below the tower ’waist’ and perimeter moment frame columns are visible above. Note a setback above each 8-story module, the tower ’waist’ and double- notched corners for wind load reduction.

30. FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION STEEL PILES, REBAR, & CONCRETE

31. Analysis and Design Wind Design Seismic Design

32. Wind Design Skyscrapers must be flexible in strong winds yet remain rigid enough to prevent large sideways movement (lateral drift ). Flexibility prevents structural damage while resistance ensures comfort for the occupants and protection of glass, curtain walls and other features. Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101, including eight "mega-columns" packed with 10,000 psi (69 MPa ) concrete. Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the columns in the building's core to those on the exterior. These features combine with the solidity of its foundation to make Taipei 101 one of the most stable buildings ever constructed. The foundation is reinforced by 380 piles driven 80 m (262 ft) into the ground, extending as far as 30 m (98 ft) into the bedrock. Each pile is 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter and can bear a load of 1,000–1,320 tonnes (1,100–1,460.

33. Seismic Design Taipei 101 includes a 728-ton sphere locked in a net of thick steel cables hung way up toward the top of the building . This secret, Piranesian moment of inner geometry effectively acts as a pendulum or counterweight – a damper – for the motions of earthquakes As earthquake waves pass up through the structure, the ball remains all but stationary; its inertia helps to counteract the movements of the building around it, thus “dampening” the earthquake. .

34. FOUNDATION DETAILS One of the most stable buildings ever constructed Reinforced by 380 piles driven 262 feet into the ground Each pile is 5 feet in diameter and can withstan a load of 1100-1450 tons, that is 2,900,000 pounds each.

35. FOUNDATION DEPTH 80 METERS T o w er P o d i u m C l a y Colluvium 1 Colluvium 2 Sandstone

36. REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE

37. SUPER STRUCTURE CONSURCTION

38. STEEL SUPER COLUMNS

39. SUPER-COLUMN FABRICATION

40. WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN Electric Pads

41. CROSS-SECTION OF SUPER-COLUMN & REINFORCEMENT FILLED WTIH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE UPTO LEVEL 62

42. TUNED MASS DAMPER

43. A TUNED MASS DAMPER OCCUPIES LEVEL 87 TO 91 736 TON SPHERE OF STACKED STEEL PLATES SUSPENDED FROM 4 STEEL CABLES IT’S A PENDULUM 0.26 OF BUILDINGS TOTAL WEIGHT

44. PRINCIPLE BEHIND TUNED MASS DAMPER As LATERAL FORCE pass up through the structure, the ball remains all but stationary; its inertia helps to counteract the movements of the building around it, thus “dampening” the LATERAL FORCE.

45. TMD CONSTRUCTION Tuned mass damper of stacked field-welded steel plates will swing as a pendulum on steel cables.

46. Assembly of the Tuned Mass Damper Completed Assembly of the Tuned Mass Damper

47. 400 kg - 14 Hz OTHER APPLICATION OF TUNED MASS DUMPER tall and slender free-standing structures (bridges, pylons of bridges,chimneys, TV towers) which tend to be excited dangerously in one of their mode shapes by wind

48. Millennium Bridge Dampers on the Millennium Bridge in London , England.

49. Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge, between Honshu and Shikoku in Japan, currently the world's longest suspension bridge, uses pendulums within its suspension towers as tuned mass dampers.

50. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS 2002 ON 31 March 2002 Partially constructed building survives 6.8 magnitude earthquake undamaged.

51. THE PROJECT SURVIVES EARTHQUAKE IN IT’S MOST VULNERABLE STATE ONLY THE CRANE HAD COLAPSED NO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TOOK PLACE