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"Virginity is based on the INTACTNESS of all the anatomical structures on the genital portion [for
the females]; or the ABSENCE of any form of injury (either recent or remote) on the genital portion [for
both males and females]."

1. POLYGRAPHY Harold O. Garao RCrim

2. What is Polygraphy? - It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of LIE DETECTION. What is Polygraph? - It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled condition. What is Lie Detector? - It is the popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. In Greek, Polygraph means “many writings” and the instrument was so named because it make various ink recordings of a person’s body functions. NOTE: Thomas Jefferson is the first person known who used the term Polygraph to described one of his inventions.

3. Polygraph Examiner - is one who is capable of detecting deception and verifying the truthfulness of statement through the use of a polygraph instrument. - is someone who has successfully completed formal education and training in conducting polygraph examination and is certified by his agency to conduct such examination. Polygraph Examination - a process that encompasses all activities that take place between a polygraph examiner and an examinee during a specific series of interactions. For a valid polygraph examination to exist, respiration, EDA, and Cardiovascular activity must be monitored and recorded. Subject - is any person who undergoes polygraph examination.

4. Requesting Party - person/s who asked for the services of the examiner to help verify the truthfulness of a subject`s testimony or statement, he usually the investigator of the criminal case. Norm/aka Normal Response - tracing of the subject when no question is asked or the response of the subject to an irrelevant question. Specific response - any deviation from the normal tracing of a subject especially when asked about relevant questions. SPECIFIC STIMULUS - simply refers to a well-phrased question that is designed to cause a specific response from a subject. It could be in the form of relevant question, control question or symptomatic question.

5. POLYGRAPH CHART - a continuous paper with graph where detected physiological response of the subject is recorded. POLYGRAM - It is the polygraph chart tracing obtained from a subject; consist of the polygraph chart and tracings (or recorded physiological responses) of a subject from specific stimuli. POLYGRAPH ROOM A.K.A. “INTERROGATION ROOM” - A sound-proof room where the subject is being questioned. PRE-TEST INTERVIEW - is the fi rst o ffi cial stage of polygraph examination whereby the subject is informed about the nature of the examination including his rights in relation to the examination and conditioned to take the test. During pre-test interview, the subject is conditioned for the next stage of examination known as instrumentation.

6. INSTRUMENTATION - is the stage of polygraph examination whereby polygraph instrument is actually used while asking questions to the subject. This is also known as the actual test. It encompasses chart collection and chart analysis. POST-TEST QUESTIONING - refers to the questioning that concludes the examination, either in the form of post-test interview or post-test interrogation. CHART MARKING - the process of writing standard and customized signs on the paper chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur during the actual test. Marking the paper chart while the pens are writing on it will facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the subject’s reactions.

7. CHART PROBING - the process of showing the polygram to the subject and providing brief explanation on the dissimilarities of responses. The main purpose of this is to determine the true cause of recorded responses and to clarify confusion or misunderstanding that might have been caused by vague questions CHART INTERPRETATION - the process of reading and deciphering the meaning of graphical responses of the subject based on the chart tracings. His diagnosis is based on how he reads and interprets the polygram of the subject. The key to accurate chart interpretation is PROPER FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS. INCONCLUSIVE - when the polygraphist is unable to make a determination. EMOTION - is a complex state of feeling involving conscious experience, internal and external physical responses, and power to motivate the organism to action.

8. STIMULUS - is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the preceptors. REACTION - is any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus, which is of mental process. RESPONSE - is any reaction, usually of muscular or glandular processes that depends upon stimulation.

9. What are the objectives of a Polygraph Examination? Obtain additional investigation leads to the facts of the case/offenses. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth Obtain valuable information form reluctant witnesses Eliminate the innocent suspects.

10. What is Lie? Any untruthful statement; Falsehood; Anything that deceives or creates false impression; to make untrue statements knowingly, especially with intent to deceive; To give an erroneous or misleading impression; Lie is also synonymous to Deceit; deception; fabrication; falsehood; and untruth. What is the meaning of Detection? The act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering something obscure. What is Deception? an act or statement that misleads, hides the truth, or promotes a belief, concept, or idea that is not true.

11. Primitive Basis on Lying AYUR VIDA – Hindu book of science and health around 500 B.C. Considered as the earliest known reference to a method of detecting deception. Two other Hindu books DHARMASASTRA OF GAUTAMA – Nature of Lying VASISTHA OF DHARMASASTRA – Justifying Lying

12. What are the Kinds of Lie? White Lie or Benign Lie or Officious Lie - the kind of lies used to protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or any relationship. Pathological Lie - this is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong. Red Lie - this involves political interests and motives because this is a part of communist propaganda strategy. This is prevalent in communist countries or communist infested nation. Lies of means of propaganda brain-washing and blackmail via espionage and treason. Black Lie - a lie accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or discredit one's good image. Malicious or Judicial Lie - this is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice. Jocular Lying ( Jocose Lie ) – a deceit for the purpose of humor. Emergency Lie – a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told. Big Lie – a lie which attempts to trick the victim into believing something major which likely be construed by some information that victim already possessed or by their common sense. Puffery Lie – an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcement Lie of Compliment (false reassurance) – a lie intended to please others.

13. What are the Types of Liars? Panic Liars - one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession, He/She is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is a serious blow to his / her ego, He/She believes that confession will just male the matter worst. Occupational Liars - Is someone laid for spare years, this person is a practical liar and lies when it has a higher “pay off” than telling the truth. Tournament Liars - Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected, this person views an interview as another contest and wants to win, this person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted bur will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her confesses, he wants that people will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person. Psychopathic Liars - the most difficult type, this person has no conscience. He shows no regret for dishonestly and no manifestation of guilt, Ethnological Liars - is one who is taught not to be a squealer, *squealer – to cry or to shrill voice, used by underworld gang in order for their member not to reveal any secret of their organization. Pathological Liars - A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong (his mind is sick.), Is an insane person. Pathological Lying – (mythomania or pseudologia fantastica) – the chronic behavior of compulsive or habitual lying. Black Liars - A person who always pretends, (What he thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and what he is.) Professional Liar – a person who is able to make up a story and tell it in such way with false supporting details to make listener believe it true.

14. What is Ordeal? A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience, A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence. It is also a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning “Miraculous decision.” Ordeal is also an ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was innocent.

15. EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION 1. Trial by Combat = a method to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession, in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat. 2. Trial by Ordeal = a judicial practiced by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience or in the present term would mean an employment of “3rd degree”. The word “ ordeal ” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “ Dei Indicum ” which means “ a miraculous decision ”.

16. Types of Ordeal Red hot iron ordeal - Practiced on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal; Accused placed his tongue to a red-hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner; If burned, he is put to death. Not only that (licking the iron), he is also made to carry the metal into his hands. Ordeal by balance - Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India; Scale of balanced is used; In one end of the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a counter balance; The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than before then he should be acquitted. Boiling water ordeal - Used in Africa; the method was that the subject will plunge their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step into the other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the test without a murmur. And when all are finished, they are told to return at the same time the next afternoon. The one who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the thief (Point out who is the one who steal among his tribe mates). Ordeal by rice chewing - Practiced by Indians; It is formed with a kind of rice called sathee , prepared with various incantations; The person on trial eats, with his face to the and then spits upon an eyeful leaf; If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he is declared then a liar. Ordeal of the red water - Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa; The ordeal of the “sassy bark” or red water is used; The accused is made to fast for twelve hours; The swallow a small amount of rice; Then he will be imbibed in dark colored water. This water is actually an emetic and if the suspects ejects all the rice, he is considered innocent of the chare, Otherwise, the accused is guilty.

17. Combination of Drinks and Food Ordeal -The accused first fasted for 12 hours and the given small amount of rice to ear followed by large amount of black colored water. If the concoction was vomited, the accused was pronounced innocent; Otherwise, guilty. And practiced by “West African Regions”. Trial by Torture - The accused was put into a severe physical test. Drinking Ordeal - The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest – if innocent; no harm befalls him, but if guilty, will die. Practiced in Nigeria and India. Trial of the Eucharist - This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and ceremony. If the accused was guilty, the Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him. Practiced in the European countries. Ordeal by heat and fire - The accused was compelled to walk bare footed through a fire; if he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in East Germany, Early Scandinavian Countries and early England. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water - The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries.

18. Ordeal of Red hot Needle - Red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused, if innocent; no blood will be seen flowing out. Practiced in Wanaka, East Africa. Ordeal by Combat - Accuser and accused report to a duel where the winner was adjudged innocent. Those not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do so could hire champions in the field to do the fighting for them. This type of ordeal is vividly dramatized in the movie “Ivanhoe” based on the novel of the same title (became the only legal ordeal). Practiced in England, time of “King Henry III”. Test of the Cross ordeal - The accuser and accused each were made to stand with arms crossed on their breasts. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth, the other, is the liar. Practiced in Europe. Donkey’s Tail Ordeal - Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried is a judged of guilty of crimes, because deep in side and conscience he is guilty.

19. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT ANGELO MOSSO – 1895 1. Studied fear and its influence on the hearth and his observations subsequently formed the basis for the technique. 2. Developed the SPHYGMAMOMANOMETER and the SCIENTIFIC CRADLE, which he used in studying fear on the heart. DANIEL DEFOE - the person to suggest the use of the pulse beat to detect deception. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPHY

20. CESARE LOMBROSO – 1895 1. Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception . This instrument known as HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH , measured changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were questioned about their involvement in or knowledge of a specific response. 2. Procedure on the use of the “HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH” in detecting deception: Subject’s hand placed in a water filed tank sealed with membranes of rubber; Subject will be shown pictures connected with the crime or mention will be made to relevant facts of the crime; Pulsation of blood in fist was recorded on smoked drum.

21. WILLIAM MARSTON – 1915 1. He dealt with the SPHYGMAMOMANOMETER which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an examination and focus on the SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE. 2. He also experienced with and helped to develop the pneumograph , which records breathing patterns, and the galvanometer, which registers changes in skin resistance. *Systolic Blood Pressure – the upward blood pressure as the apex of the curve caused by the contraction of the heart, valves are open, and blood is rushing into the arteries. *Dicrotic Notch- the short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of the diastolic stem. *Diastolic Blood Pressure – the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure to the closing of the valves and heart relaxed.

22. JOHN LARSON – 1921 ( Father of Polygraphy ) 1. Developed the polygraph , an instrument capable of continuously records blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. 2. The polygraph instrument which he developed was polygraphic apparatus in a portable form. Had published more than anyone in this field. LEONARD KEELER –1926 ( Father of Modern Polygraph ) 1. Continued research and development of the polygraph. In 1949, he invented the Keeler Polygraph with components that simultaneously recorded changes in blood pressure, pulse and respiration, as well as the newly developed galvanic skin reflex. 2. He devised the chart roll paper, a better method of questioning, and incorporated the kymograph. 3. He also devised a metal bellows.

23. B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT VITTORIO BENUSSI – 1914 Successfully detected deception with a pneumograph , an instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation. He demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception. HAROLD BURTT – 1918 Determined that respiratory changes were indicative of deception. Found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration.

24. C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT LUIGI GALVANI – 1791 An Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin re fl ex (GSR) or the GALVANOMETER, which records electrical body resistance in terms of ohms (the lowest current ever recorded). The GSR re fl ected emotional changes in person’s skin resistance through electricity. GEORG STICKER – 1897 First to suggest the use of the galvanograph for detecting deception based on the work of several predecessors. Theorized that the galvanic skin phenomena was influenced by exciting mental impressions and that they will have no effect upon it. OTTO VERAGUTH – 1907 First to use the term “ PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX”. Believed that the electrical phenomenon was due to the activity of the sweat glands. PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX a momentary decrease in the apparent electrical resistance of the skin resulting from activity of the sweat glands in response to mental or emotional stimulation

25. D. OTHER PERSONALITIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLYGRAPH AS KNOWN TODAY HUGO MUNSTERBURG (1908) Proposed that lie test based on lie detector should be admissible as evidence in court. The detection is based on using blood pressure variations for deception detection. He advocates the used of lie detection in court. But it was not known if the same was followed.

26. CHARLES SAMSON FERE – (1888) French Scientist who discovered that electro dermal response (EDR) is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human emotions. He asserted that human body has the ability to generate store, discharged high voltage of static electricity. JACQUES D’ARSONVAL – (1851-1940) French Scientist who declared that electricity is generated by the body and named External Friction as source of generation. He assorted those sweat glands which the body at times store the electricity and at other times discharged them. His works helped in the development of the galvanometer.

27. PAUL WILHELM AND DONALD BURNS (1951) Michigan City, Indiana, USA, (Independent Lie Detector Specialists) who invented the Electronic Psychometric using Electrodermal Response as a basis for lie detection. Both have proven that results of lie detection test (during) using their instrumental 95% accurate. CHESTER W. DARROW (1932) Made a third modification to the Larson Cardio- Pneumo Psychograph, by adding a galvanometer. The new instrument included a psychogalvanometric record, electrodes on the palm and back of the hand, as well as a continuous blood pressure record, and a pneumographic record. JOHN E. REID – (1945) Devised an instrument for recording muscular activity. The recording made simultaneously with blood pressure pulse respiration tracings, renders much more accurate any diagnosis based upon these later phenomena.

28. SIR JAMES MACKENZLE (1906) Generally overlooked in that history of the lie detector technique is the fact that so called polygraph was in existence at least as early as 1906. Its invention, however as not for lie detection purposes, rather for the use in medical examination. Nevertheless, it did contain the essential features of true, instrument and first construction was based upon the same principle. the famous English Heart Specialist which articles entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in 1908 number of the English Journal. CLEVE BACKSTER – (1947) Develop the control question technique which introduces a lie in the polygraph chart to establish a yard sticks so that one would know what the reaction really means. If this person responds to this control lie to a greater extent than does to the actual questions under investigation we assume and establish the subject is telling the truth at that point. If the reverse is true, we state that he is not telling the truth at that point.

29. THE LEE PSYCHOGRAPH This instrument was designed by Captain Clarence D. Lee and known as the Berkeley Psychograph. It consists essentially of four units: a) Chart drive or recording unit b) Pneumograph or respiration unit c) Cardiograph or pulse-blood pressure unit d) Stimulus signal unit

30. PSYCHOLOGY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION Psychology of the Lying Person The polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily functions of a person are influenced by his mental state. The physiological changes accompanying deception are capable of being recorded, measured and interpreted with reasonable certainty. Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes the mind of the examinee, which produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing and perspiration. The physiologic fluctuations that come with the emotion are in nature automatic, self-regulating and beyond conscious control because they affect the functioning of the internal structures that prepare the body for emergency.

31. The underlying psychology here includes: The lying person fears detection, causing physiological changes to take place in his body. Fear of detection must be experienced by the subject; otherwise, no physiological changes will occur. A person “tunes in” that which indicates trouble or danger by having his sense organs and attention for a particular stimulus, and he “tunes out “that which is of a lesser threat to his self-preservation or general well-being. In a series of questions containing relevant and control questions, the lying subjects will “tune in” on the most intense relevant questions and “tune out “ the control question and may not be materially affected by other weak relevant questions. The truthful subject will direct his attention to the control question wherein he consciously knows he is deceptive and “tune out” the relevant ones.

32. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING The Central Nervous System (CNS) = is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. All other nerve ways are within the peripheral nervous system which separates into two: The Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System . Somatic Nervous System = is involved with voluntary comparative over skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System = involved those involuntary physiological functions of the body and has considerable psychological impact as well.

33. TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) = the house keeping or braking system. It is responsible for conserving energy and making sure necessary bodily functions. = restrains sympathetic arousal and attempt to maintain homeostatic (homeostasis) normal. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – is our emergency, or action system. = a system which causes the sudden and dramatic change.

34. GOALS, USES AND PURPOSES OF POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE What is the ultimate objective of conducting Polygraph examination? The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the Subject’s “ADMISSION or CONFESSION” of the offense committed. Importance of Polygraph to a Law Enforcer Most effective way of establishing the truth Guilt is separated from truth (guilty separated from innocent) If scientifically determined (lie) the investigator can evaluate the evidence. Saves time, efforts and money Measures the efficiency and effectiveness of the law enforcer. What is the Accuracy of the Polygraph Exam Result? This has been the unending question among many of us. However, practitioners have agreed that the accuracy of the polygraph results ranges from 85% to 95% depending upon the factors that affect it.

35. Factors that Affects the Accuracy of the Polygraph Results Generally, the following are factors affecting polygraph examination accuracy: The instrument. The condition of the Subject. The condition of the examination room. The qualification and skills of the examiner.

36. Specifically, the 25% errors of lie detection test come from the following circumstances: Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experienced by a subject who is telling the truth regarding the offense in question but who is nevertheless affected by: a. Apprehension induced by the mere fact that suspicion or accusation has been directed against him. b. Apprehension over the possibility of an inaccurate lie detector test result. c. Over-anxiety to cooperate in order to assure an accurate test result. d. Apprehension concerning possible physical hurt from the instrument. e. Anger resentment over having to take a lie detector test. f. Over-anxiety regarding serious personal problems unrelated to the offense under investigation. g. Previous extensive interrogation, especially when accompanied by physical abuse. h. A guilt complex or fear of detection regarding some other offense which he had committed.

37. 2. Physiological abnormalities such as: Excessively high or excessive low blood pressure. Diseases of the heart. Respiratory disorder. 3. Mental Abnormalities such as; Feeblemindedness as in idiots, imbeciles and morons. Psychosis or insanities, as in maniac-depressives, paranoids, schizophrenia, paretic's, etc. Psychoneurosis and psychopathia , as among the so-called “peculiar” or emotionally unstable persons – those who are neither psychotic or normal.

38. 4. Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of: No fear of detection. Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of certain mental sets of attitudes. A condition of “sub-shock” or “adrenal exhaustion” at the time of test. Rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an extent that lying about the offense arouses little or no emotional disturbance. Extensive interrogation prior to the test. 5. Attempt to “beat the machine” by controlled breathing or by muscular flexing. 6. Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure tracing.

39. What are the limitations of the Polygraph? It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation. It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument. It does not determine facts, it record responses to that which the subject knows to be true. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent. The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable questions. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject. No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be considered guilty because he refused to take the test. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained with the subject. No attempt to use Polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person. No examination will be conducted on unfit subject.

40. What are the Barriers to the Polygraph Examination? There are instances where it is impossible to make an analysis of polygraph tests because of the following: Pathological liar (a person who cannot determine right and wrong). Mental cases. Persons under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Narcotics related cases. Various heart and other organic troubles. Problem encountered by Law Enforcement Officer during investigation and interrogation 1. Determination whether subject is telling the truth regarding the crime index investigation. 2. Obtaining admission or confession from a suspect after his guilt has been established. 3. In cases of witnesses, informer and informant who are in possession of helpful information who are willing but fearful or reluctant to disclose it to interrogator.

41. Qualities of a Good Examiner (Backster) To make himself understand and not resented by subject, by his very exposure to him. Ability to establish or create a rapport with the subject. Much investigative experience as possible. Interrogation Experience. Must be deeply involved in his work (even beyond the call of duty). What kind of man should be conducting the Polygraph Test? (Fred Inbau ) Good educational background Intelligent and some degree of maturity Possessed with sense of values Adequate period of training under someone who is experienced and skilled in the technique.

42. THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT Major Components of the Polygraph Pneumograph – designed to detect and record changes in respiration of the subject which consists of the ff: ■ Rubber Convoluted Tube = about 10 inches corrugated rubber attached to the body of the subject. Beaded Chain = used to lock the rubber convoluted tube. Recording Pen Unit = consisting of two 5 inches recording pen Centering Knob = used to center the pen Sensitivity Knob = used to adjust the desired size of tracings Vent = used to release excess pressure from the system

43. 2. Cardiosphygmograph = Designed to detect changes in the cardiovascular activity of the subject. It consists of: a. Blood Pressure Cuff = attached to the upper right arm of the subject, above the brachial artery. b. Sphygmamonometer = used to indicate the amount of air pressure inflated to the system. Usually about 60 mm of mercury for male subject. c. Recording Pen Unit = five (5) inches length d. Air Pump/Pump Bulb = designed to supply air to the system e. Cardio Module = located inside the instrument that receives the reactions detected by the cuff and moves the pen to record the reactions on the chart f. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size of tracings g. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on the chart h. Vent = Used to release excess pressure from the system

44. Cardiosphygmograph provides a record of the following: Relative Blood Volume/Pressure = is the changes in the average value of the cardio tracing (waveform) with respect to a baseline. a. Diastolic Blood Pressure = refers to the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure to the closing of the valves and heart relaxed. b. Systolic Blood Pressure = the upward blood pressure as the apex of the curve caused by the contraction of the heart, valves are open and blood is rushing into the arteries. Pulse Amplitude = is the changes in pulse amplitude (tracing height) independent of baseline. Pulse Rate = changes in heart rate or time between pulses. Dicrotic Notch = changes in relative position of the dicrotic notch or pulse waveform = short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of the diastolic stem

45. 3. Galvanograph = designed to detect changes in skin resistance of the subject. Consists of: a. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of: a.1. finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond = attached to the index and ring finger of the subject. a.2. Connecting Plug = attached the system to the instrument b. Recording Pen Unit = usually 7 inches c. Amplifier Unit = designed to support the galvanometer in converting electrical to mechanical current. d. Sensitivity Control = used to adjust the desired size of tracings e. Centering Control = designed to center the pen on the chart f. GSR Module = located inside the instrument that receives the reactions detected by the finger electrodes and moves the pen to record the reactions on the chart

46. How does it Records? Galvanic Skin Response = is the change in the body’s resistance to the passage of a minute electrical sensing current. The electrodes electrically connect the subject to the instrument. These provide a 5 microamp sensing current to the subject, far below the threshold of feeling. Kymograph - serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine - It is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the rate of five seconds per vertical chart division or twelve divisions in one minute run. a. Cutter Bar - used to cut the paper at the end of the test b. Rubber Roller - the one responsible for pulling the paper out of the machine. c. Pen Table - flat portion where the pen writes on the chart. d. Paper Rail Guide - serves as the security for the unnecessary movement of the chart paper or to ensure the paper’s forward movement without shaking. e. Synchronous Motor - runs the chart paper at the uniform rate speed regardless of the voltage change.

47. Polygraph Chart = approximately 100 ft. rolled graph paper with approximately ¼ inch horizontal division and ½ inch vertical division equivalent to 5 seconds run Pen and Inking System = the one that provides for the permanent record of the test Capillary Ink = a water-based ink intended for polygraph instruments

48. Electrodes and Controls RESONANCE CONTROL – It allows you to clear up or make a better pattern when you have too much pulse pressure of the subject. HAND ELECTRODE – This is fastened to the hand by a stretched band. Function is to make electrical contact with the subject. PANEL CONTROL – to allow the operator to control or adjust the operation of the galvanograph . There are other five important controls: Off and on power switch – on switch is to energize the galvanograph section. Subject’s resistance control – is to balance the galvo section to the skin resistance of the subject. Reactivity control – to adjust sensitivity of the galvo section. Self-centered normal switch – is to select either mode of operation. Self-centering mode – is when the circuit electronically centers the pen itself after every excursion.

49. CONTROL OF THE CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH SECTION Manual centering knob – used to place cardio in its proper place on the chart. Vent Valve – is used to left atmospheric pressure into the system and used to release pressure all or parts of the pressure. Resonance control – is used to decrease the amplitude of the cardio tracing and used to sharpen the diacrotic notch. HOW TO OBTAIN BLOOD PRESURE PATTERN OR TRACING (CARDIO) Pen balance is critical. Pen is to be held on paper by friction of the. Inflate pressure until you reach subject’s mean pressure. The mean pressure is the midway between the systolic and the diastolic is the lowest pressure. In order to get the arithmetic mean pressure, add the diastolic and systolic and the sum divided it by two. To get the geometric mean pressure, plus diastolic, watch your sphyg -dial when inflating the pressure, for maximum deflection.

50. HOW TO OBTAIN BLOOD PRESURE PATTERN OR TRACING (CARDIO) Pen balance is critical. Pen is to be held on paper by friction of the. Inflate pressure until you reach subject’s mean pressure. The mean pressure is the midway between the systolic and the diastolic is the lowest pressure. In order to get the arithmetic mean pressure, add the diastolic and systolic and the sum divided it by two. To get the geometric mean pressure, plus diastolic, watch your sphyg -dial when inflating the pressure, for maximum deflection. CONTROLS OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH SECTION Manual centering knob – used to position base line of the pneumo tracing on the upper heavy horizontal line. Vent – with the vent down, the system is closed and unoperative . With the vent up, the system is open and ready for use. Uses of the vent: a) To stop the pen between the tests and to prevent possible tambour assembly. b) To prevent pen from possible jam by moving up or down in one place of the chart paper . c) To stop pen during the tube adjustment. d) To assists in gaining amplitude. e) To let atmospheric into the system.

51. HOW TO OBTAIN PROPER TRACINGS OF THE PNEUMO First observe subject for point of maximum chest motion. Placed tube at point where maximum motion is observed. The tube must be smug. A tube that is too loose will result in a distorted pattern. A tube is too tight will be uncomfortable and distort the pattern. With female subjects the tube is almost, always placed above the breast. Some females are abdominal breathers and tubes will have to be lowered. Types or kinds of Subjects for Polygraph Test are: Subject whose guilt is definite or reasonably certain. Emotional offender Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion Person whose offenses are for accidental in nature Non-Emotional offender Person who commit crimes for financial gain Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain

52. Three (3) General Types of Subjects Victim or Complainant Witness Suspects Take Note: All Subjects must be in good physical and mental condition before he/she may be submitted for polygraph examination. The following may not be submitted for Polygraph Test: Person who has extreme nervousness Person who has physiological abnormalities such as high blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease, respiratory disorder, toothaches, severe headaches and practically any painful ailments. Person with mental abnormalities Unresponsive persons, such as person who suffer mental fatigue or under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Pregnant woman Person below 18 years of age.

53. POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION EXAMINATION ROOM Lie-detector test should be conducted in a quiet private room. Select a room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no distraction within the subject's view. Select a room without any windows at all. The interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures or other objects which would distract the attention of the person being tested or interviewed. This suggestion refers to the presence within the subject’s reach of small loose objects such as papers, clips or pencils that he may be inclined to peck up and further distract during the course of the interrogation. (EFFECT) – Tension relieving activities of this sort detract from the effectiveness of this interrogation, especially during the critical phase when a guilty subject may be trying desperately to suppress an urge to confess. Estrange noise such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation of persons outside the examination room, of the presence of the arresting officers or other spectators in the room itself, may produce disturbances and distractions which will interfere with a satisfactory diagnosis of deception.

54. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS When conducting the polygraph examination: In order to conduct a satisfactory lie-detector test, kit is advisable for the examiner to obtain from the investigators interested in the case, all the available facts and circumstances forming the basis of the accusation or suspicion directed against the person to be examined. This will include, of course, the details of the case itself. Such information is essential to the examiner so that he will be in a position to know questions should be asked of the subject during the test. The subject who is about to be tested should be informed of the nature of the test and purpose of it. The instrument should be pointed out to him as one which is capable of determining whether or not a person is telling the truth about a given matter. He should be informed that it records certain bodily changes and that the instrument will not cause any physical pain except for a slight temporary discomfort occasioned by the blood pressure cuff.

55. 4. The writer made it a practice, at this point in the proceeding to tell to the subject somewhat as follows: “If you are telling the truth, you have nothing to worry about, this instrument will indicate you are telling the truth, and I’ll report the fact to the officers who requested me to make the test. The machine itself will show it; and I’ll tell you so, and then I’ll ask you to let me hear the truth. That is fair enough, isn’t it? And you don’t mind taking the test, do you?” 5. Experience has indicated that such statement tends to relieve the emotional tensions in a person who is telling the truth, and at the same time they offer no relief to the liar. Moreover, the asking of as regarding the subject’s consent has proved worthwhile in those cases where the criminal confessions are obtained as a result of the test.

56. IMPORTANT REMINDERS 1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test. 2. Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or about him. 3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test. 4. If for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must continue investigating the case. 5. Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real or the guilty one. 6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether one is innocent or guilty. The court will make the decision. 7. If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is over.

57. TEST QUESTIONS: TYPES AND PURPOSES

58. RULES IN THE FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS Question must be simple and direct They must not involve legal terminology such as rape, murder, etc. They must be answerable by yes or no Must be short as possible Their meaning must be clear and unmistakable phrased in a language that the subject can easily understand They must not be in the form of accusation Question must never contain interference which presupposes knowledge on the part of the subject All questions must refer to one offense only All questions must refer to only one element of an offense They must not contain interferences to one's religion races or belief

59. General Types of Test Questions Irrelevant Questions – These are questions formulated from information that do not relate to the matter under investigation and deals with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie. Also called as NEUTRAL QUESTION Characteristics of Irrelevant 1. It has no connection to the matter under investigation. 2.No threat to subject (usually). 3. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie. 4. Usually about the suspect’s background. 5. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to establish a ‘norm’ for examinee, or throughout the examination as needed to reestablish norm pattern. “Example: Have you ever been called by the name of Gretchen? Are you now in a sitting position? Purpose: To establish and re-establish the subject’s normal tracing plus response capability (excitement level) with verbal stimuli.

60. 2.   Symptomatic Question = is designed to ensure that the examiner will not ask un-reviewed questions or that the examinee is not afraid that the examiner will ask un-reviewed questions. Examples: ■ Do you believe me when I promised not to ask a question in this test I have not gone over word for word? ■ Even though I promised I would not, are you afraid I will ask a question in this test I have not gone over word for word? 3. Sacrifice Relevant Question = it introduces the relevant question to the subject = designed to absorb the response generated by the introduction of relevant question in the series Example: ■ Regarding the (matter under investigation), are you willing to answer the questions truthfully?

61. 4. Relevant Questions – this are direct questions having an extreme and specific relationship to the crime under investigation and these are primary or key questions asked by the examiner in order to solve a specific issue. Color coded red in computerized instruments. It is designed to generate reactions from deceptive subject. “Example: (Strong Relevant) Did you stole John`s wallet? (Weak Relevant) Were you in the vicinity of John's house last Tuesday? Purpose: To produce a change from the subject’s norm tracing plus excitement level plus stimulus. To detect deception as a result of physiological changes in subject’s norm To resolve objectivity of the polygraph examination via chat probe and further testing on potential reaction that result.

62. Types of Relevant Question Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) = addresses the primary issue or direct involvement of the subject on the matter under question. It is use primarily with the single-issue examination. Ex. Did you take that missing money?  b. Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) = deals with the physical acts that support the primary issue. This is usually use in multi-issue examination. Ex. Did you participate in the theft of that missing money? c. Guilty Knowledge = designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the identity of the offender or the facts of the case under question. Ex. Do you know who took that missing money? d. Evidence Connecting Question = test question in which the examinee is asked about a particular piece of physical evidence that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left at the crime scene by the perpetrator or stolen property. Ex. Do you know where any of that missing money is right now? e. Control Question = a question which is the same in nature with that of the relevant question but broad in scope. Also known as Comparison Question . = is used for comparative purposes with the relevant question. = designed to generate reactions from truthful subject.

63. Types of Control Question Directed Lie Control Question (DLC) = a comparison question in which the examinee is instructed by the examiner to answer the questions untruthfully. Some examiners actually get admission to comparison questions and then instruct the examinee to lie to that question when it is asked. b. Probable Lie Control Question (PLC) = a question to which it is likely that the examinee is untruthful with his answer. = PLC questions are broad in scope and usually based on actions categorically similar to that of the issue under investigation

64. Types of Probable Lie Inclusive = a control question which include the relevant time period under investigation. It was originally designed by Reid. = this type of question usually starts with the phrase: “In your entire life,…..”. Also termed as inclusionary. b. Exclusive = a control question separated in time, place and category from the relevant question. It was introduced by Cleve Backster. He believes that this prevents the guilty suspect from perceiving the comparison question as an ambiguous relevant question. Example: ■ During the first __ years of your life, did you ever ____? ■ Prior to 2009, did you ever _____ ? ■ While in college ______? ■ Between the ages of __ & __, did you ever _____?

65. Types of Polygraph Technique/Test 1. General Question Test = consist of series of relevant, irrelevant control questions in a planned order. Developed by John E. Reid 2. Relevant/Irrelevant Test = consists primarily of series of irrelevant questions and relevant question pertaining to the crime under investigation. Developed by Keeler. 3. Peak of Tension Test = consist of only one relevant and a series of irrelevant questions. = resemble, in every general way, the card test, for it consist essentially of the asking of a series of question in which only one has any bearing upon the matter under investigation. = padding questions before and after the relevant questions. Example: Q1: Padding – Do you know whether the stolen watch of Roy is an adidas? Q2: Padding – is it a Citizen? Q3: Padding – is it a Timex? Q4: Padding – is it a Seiko? Q5: Relevant – is it a Rolex? Q6: Padding – is it a bike? Q7: Padding – is it a Guess?

66. The Backster's Zone Comparison Technique is used to disclose the presence of an outside issue factor. However, this technique is also applicable in criminal investigations. The test construction in the sequence is mixed. Composition of Backster's Test It is composed of the following types of questions: Strong Relevant Weak Relevant Symptomatic Guilt Complex Control f Sacrifice Relevant SKY Questions

67. Example: a. (Irrelevant) Have you ever been called by the name Ping? b. (Sacrifice Relevant) Regarding the stolen watch and gold ring of Gloria, do you intend to answer truthfully any question about that? c. (Symptomatic) Are you completely convinced that I will not ask any question which we have not reviewed? d. (Control) Do you recall stealing anything before reaching the age of 257 e. (Strong Relevant) Did you steal Gloria's watch? f. (Control) Other than what you have told me; did you steal anything from your locality? g. (Strong Relevant) Did you steal a watch from Gloria's house? h. (Symptomatic) Are you afraid I will ask you a question which I told you I would not? i . (Guilt Complex) Did you steal a gold ring? j.(Weak Relevant) Do you know where to find Gloria's stolen watch? k. (S) Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing Gloria's watch? ("K") Do you know for sure who stole Gloria's watch? ("Y") Did you steal Gloria's watch?

68. Two Types of POT Test ■ Known Solution Peak of Tension Test (KSPOT) = is used to determine whether the examinee is aware of details of a crime that have been kept from the general public and would presumably only be known to the perpetrator of the crime or those with incriminating knowledge. ■ Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) = is used to determine details of a crime that are not known to officials, such as the location of an unrecovered body, but would be known to a participant in 4. Guilt Complex Test = used primarily for overly responsive subjects. = a totally fictitious incident but a similar nature to the matter being investigated and make him believe it is real. = The purpose is to compare the response with those response made concerning the actual matter under investigation

69. 5. Silent Answer Test = Subject is instructed not to give any verbal answer, the subject will only answer in his mind. 6. Comparison Question Test (CQT) = the reactions on the control and relevant questions are compared via numerical scoring 7. Card test / Acquaintance Test / Stimulation Test = the subject is presented with seven (7) previously numbered cards face down. = he will be instructed to take one, look at it and return it with the rest of the cards. = the examiner will shuffle the cards and each card will be shown to him, with the instruction that he will answer “NO” to all cards, even if the one being shown to him is the one he has seen earlier.

70. Cardinal Rules in Chart Interpretation There must be a specific response. To be specific, the response must form deviation from the norm It must appear in atleast 2 test charts The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific response in the 3 tracings of the chart

71. Stages in the Conduct of the Polygraph Test ■ Initial Interview with the Investigator 1. Pre-test Interview = an interview conducted by the polygraph examiner designed to prepare or condition the subject for the actual test. It usually lasts for about 20 – 30 minutes. a. Determining the subject physical, mental and psychological suitability to undergo the test a.1. the subject should avoid taking drugs at least 12 hrs before the test a.2. the subject if female should not be pregnant a.3. the subject should not be hungry a.4. the subject should not be physically or emotional abuse a.5. the subject should not be suffering high blood or hypertension.

72. b. Informing the subject of his Constitutional Rights (if the examiner is a law enforcement officer) c. Taking of the subject consent d. Taking of the subject personal data e. Preparing the subject for the test – administration of stimulation test ln-Test (Actual Test) = is the actual conduct of the test administered by a polygraph examiner Conditions of the Room ■ It should be spacious for two persons ■ Well lighted ■ Well ventilated ■ Sound Proof ■ Not decorated

73. 3. Post-test Interview or Interrogation = is an interview or an interrogation administered by a polygraph examiner after the test designed to obtain confession or admission by the subject. = interview is conducted when the reactions indicate an innocent response and very cooperative to the examiner. = interrogation is conducted when the reactions show sign of deception and being uncooperative to open an information.

74. SIGNS AND SYMBOL IN CHART MARKINGS Two Types Chart Markings ■ Primary Markings = these are markings which indicate the beginning and end of examination as well as the questions and answers of the subject. These are usually placed at the bottom or top of the polygraph chart ■ Secondary Markings = are markings which are placed only if the examinee does something which will cause the physiological tracings to distort. These markings are usually placed below the affected tracing . X- beginning or start of the test XX- end of the test / //- when the question is asked, this placed on the chart below the cardio tracing. Single line indicates the beginning of the question, while double line indicates the ending of the question. “+” - the subject answers the question with a “yes” “-” – indicates that the subjects answers “no”

75. T------------T – talking by the subject other than the required answer. TI – talking instructions C – Coughing. It is indicated below the pneumo tracing M-, M--------------M – movements. It should be placed exactly above or below any break in tracings. MI – for movement instructions. () – mechanical adjustments CT – clearing of the throat S – means sigh SN – Sniff. It should be placed below the pneumo tracing SZ – sneeze L – laughing B – burp or belch occurs Y- yawn VC – Change of voice IM – involuntary movements ARM--------------------ARM – discomfort BI – breathing instructions RQ – repetition of the question PJ- paper Jam

76. Interview and Interrogation administered by a polygraph examiner after the test designated to obtain confession or admission by the subject. Interview is conducted when the reaction indicate an innocent response and very cooperative to the examiner. Interrogation is conducted when the reactions show sign of deception and being uncooperative to open an information. Types of Reactions Internal Reaction – reaction of the internal organs which may not be readily noticeable. External Reaction – reaction of an individual which are observable and which can either be: Facial Postural

77. Chart Markings – are annotations of the physiological tracings to denote stimulus (question) onset and offset, examinee`s answer, question number, question label, artifacts and other details important to the interpretation of the physiological data. Types of Chart Markings Primary Markings – these are markings which indicate the beginning and end of examination as well as the questions and answers of the subject. These are usually placed at the bottom or top of the polygraph chart. Secondary Markings – are markings which are placed only if the examinee does something which will cause the physiological tracings to distort. These markings are usually placed below the affected tracings.

78. USE OF DRUGS THAT “INHIBIT THE INHIBITOR” ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM The term “truth serum” is a misnomer. The procedure does not make someone tell the truth and the thing administered is not a serum but is actually a drug . In the test, Hyoscine hydrobromide is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced. When the proper point is reached, the questions truthfully. He forgets his acts or may even implicate others. 2. NARCOANALYSIS OR NARCOSYNTHESIS This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. Psychiatric sodium amytal o sodium pentothal is administered to the subject. When the effects appear, questioning starts. It is claimed that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subject talks freely. The administration of the drug and subsequent interrogation must be done by a psychiatrist with a long experience on the line. Like the administration of truth serum, the result of the test is not admissible in court .

79. 3. INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the mad which all of us are said to wear (“mask of sanity”) is reflected in the age-old maxim, “In vino veritas” (“In wine there is truth”).

80. Legal Aspect of Polygraphy Philippines Rule 130 section 49 of the RoE provides that: “The opinion of a witness on matter requiring special knowledge, skill, experience, or training which he shown to possess, may be received in evidence.” In the Philippines, polygraph results are not admitted as evidence. Many polygraph examiners and lawyers have attempted presenting polygraph evidence in court but all resulted to an exercise of futility.

81. United States v. Frye – 1923 – Not Admitted as Evidence (first case in Polygraph) In New Mexico, Supreme Court, in State v. Dorsey in 1973, ruled that: “Polygraph results are admissible as long as (1) the polygraph operator is competent, (2) the procedure used is reliable, and (3) the tests made on the subject are valid. In 1983, New Mexico the codified the admissibility of polygraph results.

82. Q and A

83. He is the person who devised an instrument that can record changes of blood pressure, pulse beat and respiration simultaneously which he called the “ Bread board Lie Detector”. Cesare Lombroso John A. Larson Sir James Mackenzie Leonarde Keeler The first person to conceive the idea of utilizing an instrument ( hydrosphygmograph ) for detecting deception in 1895. Cesare Lombroso John A. Larson Sir James Mackenzie Leonarde Keeler The person who devised his own polygraph machine in which aside from the usual pneumograph and cardiosphygmograph component he added two (2) galvanic skin resistance tracing. John A. Larson Richard O. Arthur John E. Reid Leonarde Keeler

84. 4. A person who makes a great improvement on the polygraph instrument in the year 1926, which is capable of recording blood pressure, pulse beat, respiration and electrodermal response. John A. Larson Richard O. Arthur John E. Reid Leonarde Keeler 5. The person who devised his own polygraph instrument with the addition of muscular resistance which are detected with the aid of portable chair. HE also devised the guilt complex and silent answer test. John A. Larson Richard O. Arthur John E. Reid Leonarde Keeler 6. He is a heart specialist who described in two British journal the polygraph machine as “Ink Polygraph”. Leonarde Keeler Dr. Hans Gross Sir James Makenzie William Moulton Marston

85. 7. He devised a system of detecting Systolic blood pressure using a sphygmamonometer and a discontinuous techniqu e in questioning in the year 1915. Leonarde Keeler Sir James Makenzie Dr. Hans Gross William Moulton Marston 8. The person who made the first suggestion for using the Psycho Galvanic reaction for detecting deception and stated that galvanic skin phenomenon is under the influence of exciting mental impressions and the will has no effect upon it. Veraguth Harold Burtt Sticker Vittorio Bennussi 9. He later partially confirmed the results obtained by Benussi and improved upon his technique. However, he considered this respiratory method of less diagnostic value than the blood pressure technique, so he combined respiration and systolic blood pressure. Veraguth Sticker Harold Burtt Vittorio Bennussi

86. 10. He devised a quantitative analysis on a polygraph chart and the test called Backster Zone Comparison Technique. Cleve Backster Richard O. Arthur C.D. Lee Galilleo 11. Among the several other lie-detectors somewhat similar to keeler's is the Berkeley __________, a blood pressure-pulse-respiration recorder developed by C.D. Lee in 1936: photograph Kymograph polygraph Psychograph 12. He made used of a plethysmograph and focus on the study of fear as a great factor influencing emotional disturbance and also utilized the scientific cradle or pendulum in 1895. Angelo Mosso Cesare Lombrodo William Marston John A. Larson

87. 13. The first attempt to utilize scientific instrument in an effort to detect deception occurred about: 1895 1915 1921 1907 14. The first man noted for the use of the word “Polygraph” Thomas Jefferson G. Gallilleo F. Galton Sir James Mackenzie 15. It is the scientific method of detecting deception done with the aid of an instrument known as polygraph machine. Word Association test polygraphy use of alcoholic beverage Narco- analysis test

88. 16. Which of the following notion about polygraph instrument is wrong it is capable of detecting lies it is incapable of drawing or interpreting any conclusions it is a sensitive machine like an x-ray which needs interpretation None of these 17. It is an ancient method of detecting deception practice in Bengal, India where accused to proved his innocent would touch his tongue to an extremely hot metal. boiling water ordeal ordeal of balance red hot iron ordeal Ordeal of heat and fire 18. A scientific foundation of polygraph technique which states that among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified are those which may automatically occur, only following the stimulation of these specific nervous system, components, from which the stimulation of these specific nervous system components can be reliably diagnosed. mechanical leg basic premise physiological leg basic premise psychological leg basic premise psycho motor leg basic premise

89. 19. I t is the scientific basis of the polygraph test which states that the polygraph machine is an instrument capable of making records of various human functioning simultaneously in a chart paper mechanical leg basic premise physiological leg basic premise psychological leg basic premise psycho motor leg basic premise 20. It is the Hindu book of science and health which depicts the nature of lying. Ayur Vida Vasistra of Dharmasastra Dharmasastra of Gautama Koran 21. It is that component of the polygraph instrument which is designed to detect changes of electrodermal response: Keymograph Galvanograph Cardiosphymograph pneumograph

90. 22. The Pneumograph component detects what? Breathing Skin resistance Blood pressure of the subject None of the above 23. Which of the following is one among the major components of the polygraph? sphygmomanometer blood pressure cuff kymograph cardiospygmograph 24. It is that section of the polygraph instrument designed to make a permanent record of the polygraph test. keymograph Pnuemograph pen and inking system galvanogaph

91. 25. Corrugated rubber bellows with the aid of beaded chain should be fastened on the subject's: Abdomen and chest hips waistline neck 26. It is that section of the polygraph machine designed to run the paper at a regular speed of 6 inches per minutes kymograph pnuemograph pen and inking system galvanogaph 27. It is that part of the galvanograph component which converts electrical to mechanical current: Amplifier unit finger electrode assembly resonance control sensitivity knob

92. 28. It is that part of the pneumograph component which is attached to the body of the subject with the length of 10 inches. beaded chain finger electrode plate rubber convoluted tube blood pressure cuff 29 . An attachment of the cardiosphygmograph which is placed above the brachial artery. Arm cuff Wrist cuff infant cuff hand cuff 30. Sets of electrodes are attached to what part of fingers : palmar or tips of fingers of convenience Toes Ankles neck

93. 31. This is a galvanograph attachment section EXCEPT: sets of electrodes electrodes jelly stretched band rubber tube 32. In the _________, the bladder is centered over the radial artery: wrist cuff arm cuff hand cuff infant cuff 33. The size of the galvanograph recording pen is ______? 5 inches 7 inches 6 inches 10 inches

94. 34. It is a short horizontal line in a cardio tracing located at the middle of the diastolic stem Dicrotic notch Diastotic Diastolic Systolic 35. It is the normal rate of pulse beat of an adult subject in a polygraph test? 60 –65 70 – 75 6- 12 13- 15 36. What is the normal cyclic rate of respiration of a normal built person in a polygraph test: 60 –65 70 – 75 6- 12 13-15

95. 37. Generally speaking, all persons subjected to lie detector examination are all ___ and this creates a set of distortion. Terrified nervous confident convenient 38. It is the stage in the conduct of the polygraph test, which is designed to prepare or condition the subject for the actual test or in-test? Initial Interview Instrumentation Pre-test Interview Post test Interview/Interrogation 39. It is conducted for the purpose of obtaining confession or an admission from the subject once deception is observed. initial interview Pre-test interview Instrumentation post-test interrogation

96. 40. Lie detector test should be conducted in: a noisy place quiet private room crowded place dark private room