Pons

The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
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1. Pons

2. Quick Revision

3. The brain stem is the part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon . It consists of three structures: Medulla oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain.

4. Location of medulla oblongata: superior to the spinal cord ; inferior to the pons, 3 cm Long.

5. Anterior aspect of the medulla: Known as the pyramids, Formed by the large corticospinal tracts. Function: Control voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk

6. Decussation of pyramids: A cross over of neurons, Superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord . It explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body.

7. Oliv e: Oval-shaped swelling, just lateral to each pyramid. Within the olive is the inferior olivary nucleus, receiving input from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain, and spinal cord. Neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus regulate the activity of cerebellar neurons by providing instructions, that the cerebellum uses to make adjustments to muscle activity as you learn new motor skills .

8. Nuclei for vital functions Cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels . The medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory center adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing .

9. Gracile and cuneate nucleus: Located in the posterior part of the medulla, associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious awareness of position.

10. Medulla contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves

11. Pons

12. The pons (bridge) lies directly superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum and is about 2.5 cm (1 in.) long. As its name implies, the pons is a bridge that connects different parts of the brain with one another. These connections are provided by bundles of axons .

13. Like the medulla, the pons consists of nuclei, sensory tracts , and motor tracts . Signals for voluntary movements from motor areas of the cerebral cortex are relayed through several pontine nuclei into the cerebellum.

14. Pons also contains vestibular nuclei that are components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain.

15. Other nuclei in the pons are the pneumotaxic area and the apneustic area of the respiratory center. Together with the medullary rhythmicity area, the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas help control breathing.

16. The pons also contains nuclei associated with the following four pairs of cranial nerves : Trigeminal (V) nerves, Abducens (VI) nerves, Facial (VII) nerves, and Auditory (VIII ) nerves

17. Quick Revision

18. Location : Anterior to Cerebellum Superior to Medulla Inferior to Mid Brain

19. Nuclei Present: Vestibular Nuclei Respiratory Nuclei 1. The pneumotaxic area and 2 . The apneustic area

20. Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal (V) nerves, Abducens (VI) nerves, Facial (VII) nerves, and Auditory (VIII) nerves

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