Post RN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Enzymology

Enzymology

1. Biochemistry Lecture Post RN(Unit 6 ) Enzymology by, Miss Areesha Ahmad Lecturer

2. An amino acid residue is  the remaining part of an amino acid after two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, with water molecules removed

3. A prosthetic group is a non-protein molecule that is tightly bound to an enzyme and is essential for the enzyme's catalytic activity. Prosthetic groups are crucial for the proper function of proteins and can include metal ions flavins , pyridine nucleotides, thiamine, biotin, and cobalamine . 

4. Flavin mononucleotide is a form of vitamin B2 Heme , or haem , is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecule NADH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)  Biological carrier of electrons

5. Coenzymes Coenzymes are small, non-protein organic molecules that help enzymes catalyze reactions.   Co-enzymes are relatively small organic molecules often derived from vitamins. Coenzymes are often vitamins or vitamin derivatives, and all water-soluble vitamins and vitamins A and K function as coenzymes.  Some are reactants in enzyme- catalysed reactions which are released from the enzyme active site during reaction eg , NADH, NADPH and ATP W hile others are essential parts of many enzymes (sometimes called prosthetic groups). Flavin mononucleotide is a form of vitamin B2 Heme , or haem , is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecule NADH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)  Biological carrier of electrons

6. An apoenzyme is the protein portion of an enzyme complex, and is enzymatically inactive without a cofactor.  When an apoenzyme binds to a cofactor, it becomes active and is known as a holoenzyme . 

7. Enzyme help in food metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Amylase: Source: Saliva (salivary amylase) and pancreas (pancreatic amylase) Function: Breaks down starches into simple sugars like maltose and dextrin. Maltase: Source: Small intestine Function: Converts maltose into glucose. Lactase: Source: Small intestine Function: Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose . Sucrase : Source: Small intestine Function: Splits sucrose into glucose and fructose.

8. Protein Metabolism Pepsin: Source: Stomach Function: Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Trypsin: Source: Pancreas Function: Continues the breakdown of proteins into peptides and amino acids. Chymotrypsin: Source: Pancreas Function: Further digests proteins into peptides and amino acids. Peptidases: Source: Small intestine Function: Breaks peptides into individual amino acids.

9. Lipid Metabolism Lipase: Source: Pancreas and small intestine Function: Breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipase: Source: Pancreas Function: Hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. Nucleic Acid Metabolism Nuclease: Source: Pancreas Function: Breaks down nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) into nucleotides. Nucleotidase : Source: Small intestine Function: Converts nucleotides into nucleosides and phosphates.