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1. Scientific misconducts: Falsification, Fabrication & Plagiarism . Presented by: Sandipan Choudhury PhD Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Science Assam University Silchar

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific Misconducts It refers to actions or behaviors that violate ethical principles & standards in scientific research [1]. Reasons for Scientific Misconduct A range of possible reasons are: Career and funding pressures Desire to publish more number of research papers. Institutional failures of oversight Inadequate training

3. INTRODUCTION (CONTD..) Three major forms of scientific misconduct are: Falsification. Fabrication. Plagiarism.

4. 1. FALSIFICATION Falsification involves manipulating, altering, or selectively omitting research data or results to present a false or misleading representation of the finding. This includes [2]: Manipulation of Data: Changing, deleting, or modifying data points or experiment results to fit a desired outcome or hypothesis, distorting the true findings. Selective Reporting: Cherry-picking data or selectively reporting results that support a particular hypothesis, while disregarding contradictory or unfavorable findings. Misrepresentation of Findings: Misrepresenting the significance or implication of research findings to exaggerate their importance or impact.

5. 2. FABRICATION Fabrication means the deliberate invention or creation of research data or results that do not exist [2]. It involves completely making up data or results without conducting the research or experiments. This includes: Inventing Data : Creating fictional data points, experimental results, or observations and presenting them as genuine research findings. Fictitious Experiments: Claiming to have conducted experiments or studies that never occurred, including fictional methodologies, data collection, and analysis. False Documentation: Fabricating supporting documents, such as laboratory records or consent forms, to falsely validate the existence of research that was never conducted.

6. 3. PLAGIARISM According to Merriam Webster online dictionary, to “plagiarism” means To steal and pass off (the ideas of words of another as one’s own). To use another’s work without crediting the source. To commit literacy theft [3]. Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. Plagiarism is an act of fraud, it involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward.

7. PLAGIARISM (TYPES) Types of Plagiarism are [4-5]: Complete : Submit another author’s work in your name. Source-based : Reference an incorrect or non-existent source. Direct : Copy text from another document word to word. Self or Auto : Reuse a major part of your work without attributions. Paraphrasing : Make minor changes and use others’ writing. Mosaic : Interlay someone else’s phrases or text within your work. Accidental : Unintentional paraphrasing or copying due to neglect. Inaccurate authorship : Authorship instead of acknowledgment to contributors and vice-versa.

8. TECHNIQUES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM Plagiarism can be avoided by: Keep track of the sources that you consult in your research. Paraphrasing or quoting from your source and adding your ideas. Crediting the original author in an in-text citation and your reference list. Use a plagiarism checker before you submit.

9. PLAGIARISM (REGULATION 2018) Penalties in case of plagiarism in the submission of thesis & dissertation [6]: Level 0 : Similarities up to 10%, minor similarity, no penalty. Level 1 : Similarity above 10% to 40 % -Such students shall be asked to submit a revised script within the stipulated time not exceeding 6 months. Level 2 : Similarity above 40% to 60% - Such student’s be debarred from submitting a revised script for one year. Level 3 : Similarity above 60% - Such student’s registration from that program shall be canceled.

10. REFERENCES: Chaddah , P.. (2022). Ethics in Research Publications: Fabrication, Falsification, and Plagiarism in Science Chapter 3 in the Book titled "Academic Integrity and Research Quality" published by UGC, Dec. 2021. https :// www.e-education.psu.edu/bioet533/node/654 https :// www.scribbr.com/category/plagiarism https:// libguides.lindsey.edu/plagiarism/types https://www.enago.com/academy/fraud-research-many-types-plagiarism / https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/7771545_academic-integrity-Regulation2018.pdf

11. Thank You