Ppt of foxtail millet.

FOX TAIL MILLET CULTIVATION PRACTICES

1. CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF FOXTAIL MILLET

2. overview 1.Introduction 2.Botany of crop 3.Economic Importance 4.Origin & Distribution 5.Soil & Climate 6.Seasons & Varieties 7.Land Preparation 8.Seed Treatment 9.Seeds & Sowing 10.Nutrient Management 11.Irrigation Management 12.Weed Management 13.Cropping systems 14.Pests & Diseases 15.Yield Attributes 16.Harvesting

3. 17.Yield 18.Storage 19.Post Harvest Technology

4. INTRODUCTION COMMON NAME- KORRA SCIENTIFIC NAME- S etaria italica FAMILY - GRAMINAE HABITAT- TROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL It is grown in many of the Asian , African and American countries especially where the climatic hazards do not permit the cultivation of other cereals. It is generally grown as a rainfed crop in India. It has an erect leafy stem that grow 60-75 cm tall and bend quiet a bit at maturity due to heavy weight of earhead .

5. BOTANY OF CROP HABIT : Annual, profusely tillering with jointed nodes, internodes hollow and shorter at base becoming long above. ROOT : Fibrous. STEM : Erect, slender, nodes are solid and slightly hairy. Internodes are shorter at the base and become longer at the top. LEAVES : Narrow, linear, leaf sheath longer than internodes; glabrous or hairy, ligule short, thick, imbricated , prominent midrib. INFLORESCENCE: Terminal spike like panicle 8 to 22 cm long, drooping, usually compact, sometimes loose, cylindrical, borne on a thin peduncle. Spikelets have very short pedicels. Each spikelet or two spikelets subtended at the base by a number of bristles which are slightly flattened and set with minute and upward pointing hairs along the edges. Morphologically bristles represent barren floral branches.

6. Spikelets two flowered, protected externally by two glumes. The lower flower sterile, the upper flower perfect, lemma(L1) equal in length to the spikelets , sterile palea (P1), small membranous. In the upper florets lemma (L2) is smaller than L1 contains a bisexual flower, palea (P2) membranous, edges incurved, lodicules two. ANDROECIUM: Stamens 3, born on slender filaments and two lobed. GYNOECIUM: Styles two, feathery ends, superior ovary, plumose stigma.

7. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE K orra grain contains Protein-12.3% Fat-4.7% Carbohydrates-60.6% Ash-3.2% The grains are fed to cage birds . The straw is thin stemmed and is liked by cattle . It is not good for horses . In China , Italian millet is next to raise and wheat in importance . It provides approximately 15-17% of the total consumed in China.

8. ORIGIN It is very old crop. It was cultivated in China as early as 2700 B.C. Vavilov(1935) considered China as its place of origin. Werth considers China or Central Asia as it place of origin. According to him Setaria spread to India and European countries from there.

9. DISTRIBUTION S etaria is cultivated in China , Korea , Japan , Afghanistan , Syria , South Africa and India. China still ranks first in foxtail millet production in the world(4.6mt) where as world production is 6mt. In India, it is cultivated in A.P , Karnataka , U.P . Korra is suitable for dry land cultivation in Anantapur , Kurnool , Mahaboobnagar and Rangareddy districts. In AP it occupies am area of 1.74 lakh ha . With a total production of 0.85 lakh tonnes/annum.

10. CLIMATE Seteria is cultivated in tropical as well as temperate regions. The crops can be grown even at altitude of 200mts. It requires moderate temperature throughout its life cycle. The crop can be grown successfully in areas receiving 50-70cm annual rainfall. Although its water requirement is low, the plant has no capacity to recover after a long spell of drought .

11. SOILS Setaria requires fairly fertile soils for good yields , although it can grow in poor soils. Light soils including red loams , alluvials and black cotton soils are suitable for its cultivation. But it thirves best in rich, well drained loam soils. Alluvial soil Red soils

12. SEASONS It is grown throughout the year from early rainy season. Early rainy season(May). Monsoon seasons(June-July). Early late seasons(Aug-Sept). Irrigated or Summer seasons(Feb-Mar).

13. VARIETIES Following are the important varieties of the crop: Pant setaria-4, TNAU-43, HMT-100-1, SIA-326, PS-4, K-2, K-3, Krishna devaraya .

14. LAND PREPARATION It does not require much field preparation. Before the onset of monsoon the field should be ploughed once with mould board plough. With the onset of monsoon the field should be harrowed or ploughed with local plough twice. Planking should be done for making the field smooth and well levelled .

15. SEED TREATMENT Treat 1 kg of seeds with .2 g Thiram or Carbendazim . Seed treated with Ceresan @ 3g/kg of seeds.

16. SEEDS AND SOWING Seeds and Sowing: Seed rate:5 kg/ha Spacing:30*10 cm The seeds can be sown with local seed drill with tynes 30 cm apart. Covering of the seeds with blade harrow is recommened . Line sowing Seeds

17. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT The crop is usually manured with10-12 tonnes of FYM per ha. To get a good crop,40kg N,30 kg P2O5,and 20 kg K2o/ha is sufficient. All the fertilizers should be applied as basal dose at the time of sowing. If the irrigation is available apply only half of the dose of N and full amount of phosphorus and potash at the time of sowing and remaining half quantity of N at 30 DAS.

18. IRRIGATION MANAGEMET Setaria sown during kharif season , does not require any irrigation. However ,if dry spell prevails for longer period, then 1 or 2 irrigations may be given to boost yields. Summer crop requires 2-5 irrigations depending upon soil type and climatic conditions. During rainy season, drainage is essential. Remove excess rain water from the field as it does not withstand water logged conditions.

19. WATER REQUIREMENT : 300mm. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING : First irrigation at 25-30 DAS and second irrigation at 40-45 DAS . CRITICAL STAGES : Tillering and panicle initiation stage . IW/CPE RATIO : 0.75.

20. WEED MANAGEMENT Keep the field free from weeds. Intercultivation should be done with the tyne - harrow when the crop is 30 days old . 2-3 weedings with hand hoe is sufficient.

21. Post-emergence application of 2,4-D Sodium salt (80%) @1.0 kg a.i ./ha at 20-25 DAS. Isoproturon @ 1.0 kg a.i ./ha as pre-emergence spray is also effective in weeds control. IMPORTANT WEEDS: > Abutilon indicum > Amranthus spinosus > Gomphrena celosioides > Leucas aspera > Dactyloctenium aegyptium >Sorghum halepense >Euphorbia hirta > Striga litura

22. CROPPING SYSTEMS Intercropping- Foxtail millet + pigeon pea [6:1] Foxtail millet + bengalgram Foxtail millet + rice Mixed Cropping: Korra -Cotton mixture is of repute in Rayalaseema. It is also mixed with Ragi . Jowar,bajra,redgram,castor and pulses. Jowar + foxtail millet

23. PESTS AND DISEASES PESTS: Army worm , cut worm and leaf scrapping beetle appear occasionally in serious form. In certain areas shoot fly occur , although it is not a regular pest. CONTROL : When pests are noticed , take up dusting of Endosulfan 4% @30 kg/ha or Malathion 5% @ 8-10kg/ha. DISEASES: Blast( Pyricularia setariae ) , Brown Spot( Helmithosporium setariae ) , Rust( Uromyces setariae ) appear on the foliage. CONTROL: Spraying Mancozeb (0.2%) and warrant a spray only if they appear at the early stages of crop growth.

24. >Grain Smut ( Ustilago crameri ) #CONTROL : Treating the seeds with C arboxin or Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg. Green Ear ( Sclerospora graminicola ) #CONTROL : Treating the seeds with Ridomil Mz @ 2g/ kg.Rouging out the affected plants.

25. Yield Attributes Total number of tillers per unit area. Number of plants per unit area. Number of productive tillers per unit area. Length of the panicle. Number of filled grains per panicle. Test weight .

26. HARVESTING The crop flowers in 50-60 days and matured in 80-100 days. The crop is harvested when the earheads are dry either by cutting the whole plant by sickle or the ears separately. After drying for few days threshing is done with a stone roller or by trampling under the feet of bullocks. Threshing Harvesting

27. Yield Rainfed crop:Grain-6-10 q/ha Straw-10-20 q/ha Irrigated crop:Grain-10-16 q/ha Straw-20-40 q/ha

28. STORAGE Millet is a good storing grain which will store without any special considerations for one to two years. If you want to put millet into long term storage, package it inside air-tight containers and use oxygen absorbers. Stored in this fashion and put in a cool place , millet should keep well for many years.

29. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY THRESHING:-It is the removal of grain from harvested plant or plant part. Threshing of millet is done manually by women and men. It entails beating the millet the millet heads with sticks or clubs repeatedly until almost all the grains are detached from the heads. The beating action may be done either on a mat , canvas or bare ground. Inorder to ease the grain collection after beating , sometimes the heads of millets may be stuffed into bags , prior to beating. The straw that remains after threshing may be used as a source of fuel. Straw is used as thatching material for traditional houses or used as mulch as well as animal feed.

30. DRYING:- Grains harvested during rainy season may be left to dry in the field for upto two weeks. Further drying if required is completed after threshing on mats laid down on the sun , or plastic sheets. Mechanical drying may be employed to dry but it is expensive. Unheated air drying could also be employed

31. CLEANING:- Cleaning refers to separation of contaminants from produce and complete removal of the contaminants so that the cleaned produce is from re-contamination. The contaminants may be sand , small stones , leaves , shrivelled seeds, off-type and broken seeds , glumes, sticks , chaff, parts of stem, insects, animal hair and excreta, matal pieces.

32. PACKAGING & TRANSPORT:- After threshing, drying and cleaning millets are bagged into 100 kg hessian/sisal bags and sealed ready for transportation to distant markets. Sometimes millet grains may be packed in bags sewn from artificial polythene bags for either transportation and storage. Some farmers transport the millets by wrapping in a piece of cloth which is loaded on to donkeys and transported to the homestead.

33. THRESHING,CLEANING AND PACKING.

34. PRESENTED BY:- L. Ramya and P.Sankeerthana 111718012051,111718012061 NAG-B